Victims of Crime Survey 2011 - South Africa

Abstract
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The concept of victimisation surveys (also known as International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS)) is well established in South Africa (SA) and internationally. Until recently the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) coordinated and sometimes conducted the ICVS in developing countries. During the past two decades a number of surveys related to crime, crime victims and users of services provided by the safety and security cluster departments have been conducted by various service providers in South Africa. Besides these surveys, three national VOCS have been conducted. The first of these was the Victims of Crime Survey conducted in 1998 by Statistics South Africa. This survey was based on the ICVS questionnaire developed by UNICRI, with adjustments made for local conditions. The Institute for Security Studies (ISS) was responsible for conducting subsequent versions of the VOCS, the National Victimes of Crime Survey 2003 and the Victim Survey 2007.

Starting with the Victims of Crime Survey 2011, Statistics SA plans to conduct the VOCS annually. The ‘new’ Victims of Crime Survey (VOCS) series is a countrywide household-based survey and examines three aspects of crime:

• The nature, extent and patterns of crime in South Africa, from the victim’s perspective;
• Victim risk and victim proneness, so as to inform the development of crime prevention and public education programmes;
• People’s perceptions of services provided by the police and the courts as components of the criminal justice system.

The VOCS 2011 is comparable to the VOCS 1998, VOCS 2003 and VOCS 2007 in cases where the questions remained largely unchanged. However, it is important to note that the sample size for the VOCS 2011 is much bigger than any of the preceding surveys, and the data should be considered more reliable than the earlier surveys especially at lower levels of disaggregation.

Geographic coverage
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The survey had national coverage

Analysis unit
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The units of analysis in the study were individuals and households

Universe
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The target population of the survey consisted of all private households in all nine provinces of South Africa and residents in workers' hostels. The survey did not cover other collective living quarters such as students' hostels, old-age homes, hospitals, prisons and military barracks.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample design for the VOCS 2011 was based on a master sample (MS) originally designed as the sampling frame for the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS). The MS is based on information collected during the 2001 Population Census conducted by Stats SA. The MS has been developed as a general-purpose household survey frame that can be used by all household-based surveys, irrespective of the sample size requirement of the survey. The VOCS 2011, like all other household-based surveys, uses a MS of primary sampling units (PSUs) which comprises census enumeration areas (EAs) that are drawn from across the country.

The sample for the VOCS 2011 used a stratified two-stage design with probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling of PSUs in the first stage, and sampling of dwelling units (DUs) with systematic sampling in the second stage. The sample was designed to be representative at provincial level. A self-weighting design at provincial level was used and MS stratification was divided into two levels. Primary stratification was defined by metropolitan and non-metropolitan geographic area type. During secondary stratification, the Census 2001 data were summarised at PSU level. The following variables were used for secondary stratification: household size, education, occupancy status, gender, industry and income. A randomised probability proportional to size (RPPS) systematic sample of PSUs was drawn in each stratum, with the measure of size being the number of households in the PSU. The sample size of 3 080 PSUs was selected. In each selected PSU a systematic sample of dwelling units was drawn. The number of DUs selected per PSU varies from PSU to PSU and depends on the inverse sampling ratios (ISR) of each PSU. The sample size for the VOCS 2011 is 29 754 dwelling units.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The VOCS 2011 questionnaire was based on the questionnaires used in the International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) and previous VOCSs conducted by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) and Statistics SA. The
questions are covered in 27 sections and deal with the following topics:

Flap Demographic information (name, sex, age, population group, etc.)
Section 1 Household-specific characteristics (education, economic activities and household income sources
Section 2 Beliefs about crime
Section 3 Individual and community response to crime
Section 4 Victim support and other interventions
Section 5 Citizen interaction or community cohesion
Section 6 Perception of the police service
Section 7 Perception of the courts
Section 8 Perception of correctional services
Section 9 Corruption experienced by the respondent
Section 10 Experience of household crime (screening table)
Section 11 Theft of car experienced by a household member(s) in the previous 12 months
Section 12 Housebreaking or burglary when no one was at home in the previous 12 months
Section 13 Theft of livestock, poultry and other animals in the previous 12 months
Section 14 Theft of crops planted by the household in the previous 12 months
Section 15 Murder experienced by a household member(s) in the past 12 months
Section 16 Theft out of a motor vehicle experienced by a household member(s) in the previous 12 months
Section 17 Deliberate damaging/burning or destruction of dwelling experienced by a household member(s) in the previous 12 months
Section 18 Motor vehicle vandalism or deliberate damage of a motor vehicle experienced by a household member(s) in the previous 12 months
Section 19 Home robbery (including robbery often around or inside the household’s dwelling) experienced by a household member(s) in the previous 12 months

Sections 20–27 of this questionnaire required that an individual be randomly selected from the household to respond to questions classified as individual crimes. The methodology used was to select a person 16 years or older, whose birthday was the first to follow the survey date. These sections collected data on:

Section 20 Experiences of individual crimes (screening table) in the past 5 years and in the previous 12 months
Section 21 Theft of bicycle experienced in the previous 12 months
Section 22 Theft of motorbike or scooter experienced in the past 12 months
Section 23 Car hijacking (including attempted hijacking) experienced in the previous 12 months
Section 24 Robbery (including street robberies and other non-residential robberies, excluding car or truck hijackings, and home robberies) experienced in the previous 12 months
Section 25 Assault experienced in the previous 12 months
Section 26 Sexual offences (including rape) experienced in the previous 12 months
Section 27 Consumer fraud experienced by the individual experienced in the previous 12 months
All sections Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of domestic tourism and expenditure

The final data files correspond to sections of the questionnaireas follows:

Person: Data from Flap and Section 1 (excluding Section 1.6 and 1.7)
Household: Data from Section 1.7 and Section 10-19
Section 20-27: Data from Section 20-27

The VOCS 2011 is comparable to the previous VOCSs in that several questions have remained unchanged over time. Where possible, it was generally indicated in the report. However, it must be noted that the VOCS 2011 sample size was more than double of the previous surveys. The current survey can thus provide more accurate estimates than the previous surveys, for example at provincial level and for domain variables, such as gender and race. Caution should be exercised when running cross tabulation of different crimes by province and other variables as in most cases the reported cases were too few for this type of analysis.

Cleaning operations
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Capture was undertaken on Epi-Info. A process of double capture was undertaken in order to eliminate capture error.

{'Abstract': '南非（SA）及其国际社会普遍认可了受侵害调查（亦称国际犯罪受害者调查（ICVS））的概念。直至近期，联合国区域间犯罪与司法研究所（UNICRI）负责协调并在发展中国家开展ICVS，有时甚至直接执行。在过去二十年中，南非的各类服务提供者已开展了多项与犯罪、犯罪受害者及安全与安全集群部门提供服务使用者相关的调查。除此之外，还进行了三次全国性犯罪受害者调查（VOCS）。其中，首次调查由南非统计局于1998年进行，基于UNICRI开发的ICVS问卷，并根据本地情况进行调整。安全研究学院（ISS）负责执行后续版本的VOCS，包括2003年的国家犯罪受害者调查和2007年的受害者调查。

自2011年的犯罪受害者调查开始，南非统计局计划每年进行VOCS。‘新’的犯罪受害者调查（VOCS）系列是一项全国性的基于家庭的调查，考察了犯罪的三方面：

• 从受害者视角看南非犯罪的性质、程度和模式；

• 受害者风险和易受侵害性，以便为犯罪预防和公众教育项目的发展提供信息；

• 公众对警察和法院提供的服务的看法，作为刑事司法系统组成部分的认知。

VOCS 2011与VOCS 1998、VOCS 2003和VOCS 2007在问题基本不变的情况下可进行比较。然而，值得注意的是，VOCS 2011的样本量远大于之前的任何调查，尤其是在较低层面的数据应该被认为比早期调查更为可靠。

地理覆盖范围：

调查具有全国覆盖。

分析单元：

研究中的分析单元为个人和家庭。

总体：

调查的目标总体包括南非九个省份的所有私人家庭和工人宿舍居民。调查不包括其他集体居住单元，如学生宿舍、养老院、医院、监狱和军事营房。

数据类型：

样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序：

VOCS 2011的样本设计基于一个主样本（MS），最初设计为季度劳动力调查（QLFS）的抽样框架。MS基于Stats SA在2001年人口普查期间收集的信息。MS已被开发为一种通用家庭调查框架，可以用于所有基于家庭的调查，无论调查的样本量需求如何。VOCS 2011，如同所有其他基于家庭的调查，使用了一个主抽样单元（PSU）的MS，该单元由来自全国各地的普查区（EA）组成。

VOCS 2011的样本使用分层两阶段设计，第一阶段使用按规模比例的概率（PPS）抽样PSU，第二阶段使用系统抽样抽样住宅单元（DU）。样本设计旨在在省级层面具有代表性。在省级层面使用自加权设计，MS分层分为两个层次。一级分层由城市和非城市地理区域类型定义。在二级分层中，2001年普查数据在PSU层面进行了汇总。以下变量用于二级分层：家庭规模、教育、占用状态、性别、行业和收入。在每个层中使用随机概率按规模比例（RPPS）系统样本PSU，规模度量是PSU中家庭的数量。选定的PSU样本量为3,080。在每个选定的PSU中，抽取住宅单元的系统样本。每个PSU中选定的住宅单元数量因PSU而异，取决于每个PSU的逆抽样比率（ISR）。VOCS 2011的样本量为29,754个住宅单元。

数据收集方式：

面对面 [f2f]

研究工具：

VOCS 2011问卷基于国际犯罪受害者调查（ICVS）和由安全研究学院（ISS）及南非统计局（Stats SA）之前进行的VOCS中使用的问卷。问题涵盖27个部分，涉及以下主题：

人口统计信息（姓名、性别、年龄、人口群体等）

第1节 家庭特定特征（教育、经济活动和家庭收入来源

第2节 对犯罪的信念

第3节 个人和社区对犯罪的反应

第4节 受害者支持和其他干预措施

第5节 公民互动或社区凝聚力

第6节 对警察服务的看法

第7节 对法院的看法

第8节 对矫正服务的看法

第9节 受访者经历的腐败

第10节 家庭犯罪经历（筛选表）

第11节 家庭成员在过去的12个月内经历的汽车盗窃

第12个月家庭无人时发生的入室盗窃或盗窃

第13个月盗窃家畜、家禽和其他动物

第14个月盗窃家庭种植的农作物

第15个月家庭成员在过去12个月内经历的谋杀

第16个月家庭成员在过去的12个月内从汽车中盗窃

第17个月家庭成员在过去12个月内故意破坏/焚烧或破坏住宅

第18个月家庭成员在过去的12个月内经历的汽车车辆破坏或故意损坏

第19个月家庭成员在过去12个月内经历的入室抢劫（包括在家庭住宅周围或内部经常发生的抢劫）

问卷的第20至27节要求从家庭中随机选择一个人回答被归类为个人犯罪的提问。所使用的方法是选择一个16岁或以上的人，其生日是调查日期后的第一个。这些部分收集了以下数据：

第20节 过去5年和过去12个月中个人犯罪的经历（筛选表）

第21节 过去12个月内经历的自行车盗窃

第22节 过去12个月内经历的摩托车或踏板车盗窃

第23个月家庭汽车劫持（包括尝试劫持）

第24个月抢劫（包括街头抢劫和其他非住宅抢劫，不包括汽车或卡车劫持和入室抢劫）

第25个月遭受的攻击

第26个月遭受的性犯罪（包括强奸）

第27个月个人遭受的消费者欺诈

所有部分 对国内旅游和支出的全面覆盖

最终数据文件对应于问卷的各个部分，如下所示：

个人：封面和第1节的数据（不包括第1.6和1.7节）

家庭：第1.7节和第10-19节的数据

第20-27节：第20-27节的数据

VOCS 2011与之前的VOCS相似，因为随着时间的推移，一些问题保持不变。在可能的情况下，通常在报告中指明。然而，必须指出的是，VOCS 2011的样本量是之前调查的两倍多。因此，当前调查可以提供比之前调查更准确的估计，例如在省级层面和性别、种族等域变量方面。在运行不同犯罪按省份和其他变量进行交叉汇总时，应谨慎行事，因为在大多数情况下，报告的案件太少，无法进行此类分析。

数据清洗操作：

在Epi-Info上进行了捕获。为了消除捕获错误，进行了双重捕获的过程。'}