Echocardiographic measurements.

All dimensional measurements were indexed to body weight. FS, fractional shortening; E, peak velocity of early diastolic trans-mitral flow; A, peak velocity of late (atria) diastolic trans-mitral flow; S’, peak velocity of systolic mitral annular motion; E’, peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion; A’, peak velocity of late (atrial) diastolic mitral annular motion; IVCT, iso-volumic contraction time; ET, LV ejection time; IVRT, iso-volumic relaxation time; Tei Index, LV performance index calculated as (IVCT+IVRT)/ET. Values given as mean ± SD (N = 4/group). N/A, not available; adenotes sex significance between male and female mice; bdenotes genotypic significance between wild type and cs-ERα−/− mice; cInteraction term of ANOVA analysis was significant; P<0.05 was considered significant.