Nitrogen released (initial inorganic N + mineralized N), N mineralized, and NH3 volatilized from bee frass in two surface-applied studies and one incorporated study held at 25°C for 15 to 45 days.

†Within a column and study period, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected.LSD at p‡Water+Frass(surface) = 2 mL of water added to 20 g of soil, then 20 mg of frass applied on the surface.Frass(surface)+Water = 20 mg of frass applied on the surface of 20 g of soil, then 2 mL of water added to soil.Frass (Incorporated) = 20 mg frass incorporated into 20 g soil, then 2 mL of water added to soil.