Factors contributing to operational uncertainties of logistics service providers when adopting electric cargo cycles – a conceptual framework

This paper proposes a framework that examines the interrelationships among factors contributing to operational uncertainties in the implementation of electric cargo cycles (ECCs), with the aim of facilitating their broader adoption by logistics service providers (LSPs). A research agenda is also proposed. A two-fold methodology was adopted, combining three semi-structured interviews with practitioners from two Italian courier companies and a review of 77 publications published between 2011 and 2025. The study develops a conceptual framework comprising 3 operational uncertainties, 59 mediating factors, and 30 contributing factors. The contributing factors are grouped into seven categories: vehicle attributes (7), payload characteristics (3), labor experience (3), weather and terrain conditions (10), regulations and incentives (2), traffic conditions (2), and infrastructure conditions (3). Finally, future directions are outlined. This study is the first to examine the interrelationships among contributing factors, mediating factors, and operational uncertainties, enhancing the understanding of ECC adoption and providing theoretical support for LSPs’ decision-making.