Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II), 2016

The second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II) was conducted in 2016 by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) as a follow-up to the first survey on minorities´ and immigrants´ experiences of discrimination and criminal victimisation conducted by the Agency in 2008. The EU-MIDIS II survey collected information from 25,515 respondents from different ethnic minority and migrant backgrounds, including Roma, in all EU Member States (2016: EU-28 including the UK). The EU-MIDIS II sample is representative of the selected populations that were interviewed. The sample includes persons belonging to ethnic or national minorities, Roma and Russians, persons born outside the EU (first generation respondents) and persons with at least one parent born outside the EU (second generation respondents). All respondents were 16 years or older and had lived in a private household for at least 12 months before the interview. People living in institutional settings - for example, hospitals or prisons - were not interviewed.

The selection of groups to be surveyed in each country was based on several criteria, including the size of the target population, the feasibility of surveying the target population in terms of cost and accessibility, the risk of certain groups experiencing ´racial´, ´ethnic´ or ´religious´ discrimination and victimisation, their vulnerability to the risk of social exclusion and, finally, comparability with previous FRA surveys. The target groups of the EU-MIDIS II survey are immigrants and descendants of immigrants from North Africa; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Turkey; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Asia and South Asia; new immigrants; Roma; members of the Russian minority. In Slovenia and Poland, people who immigrated to the EU in the last 10 years were included, regardless of country of origin. The fieldwork was conducted between September 2015 and September 2016 by Ipsos MORI under the supervision of FRA staff who monitored compliance with strict quality control procedures.

The questionnaire includes questions on perceived discrimination in various areas, such as employment, education, housing, health and in the use of public or private services. It also covers police checks, criminal victimisation (including hate crime), and awareness of rights and of institutions that provide victim support. In addition, respondents were asked about issues of social participation and integration, including trust in public institutions and the degree of attachment to the country in which they live.<br>1. Household information and child grid: number of persons living in the household; age; sex; employment situation; form of employment (full-time, part-time); year of migration; number of citizenships; respondent has the citizenship of the survey country; other country citizenship(s); year in which country citizenship was obtained; highest level of completed education; years spent in education; current attendance of school or vocational training; type of school or training currently attended; main reason for not continuing school; relationship to respondent 1 (household member only); household member has a roma background/ a russian background; work of household member in the last four weeks;
child grid: regular attendance of childcare; current school attendance; attendance of special school; main reasons for choosing this school; amount of Roma classmates; did the child do any work in the last 4 weeks; kind of work; hours the child works per week; paid work; housing and living standard: number of rooms in accommodation; housing tenure (own or rent); facilities in accommodation (e.g. tap water, a kitchen, indoor toilet, etc.); household can afford to keep its home adequately warm; problems with accommodation (e.g. it is too dark, leaking roof or damp walls, etc.).

2. Rights awareness, perceptions and attitudes: attitudes: level of attachment to the neighborhood, to the village, town or city, to the country; to the survey country, and to the European Union; self-identification ( European, survey country national, Roma/Russian,/country national of country of birth, country national of country of birth of mother and father;

Perceptions of discrimination: extend of discrimination on different grounds in the country based on skin colour, ethnic origin or immigrant background, religion or religious beliefs; awareness of support organisations to people who have been discriminated against; awareness of equality bodies in the country;

Right awareness: awareness of anti-discrimination law in the country; awareness of anti-discrimination campaigns in the past 12 months in the country; awareness of the Dost! Campaign – ‘Go beyond stereotypes, meet the Roma’; frequency of worry about experiencing harassment when out in public; avoidance of certain places for fear of being treated badly.

3. Employment: Unemployment: year when last in work; last job or occupation; currently registered as unemployed; currently looking for work; main reasons for not looking for work; ever looked for work in the country in the past 5 years; experiences of discriminatory job adverts in the country in the past 5 years; experiences of discrimination when looking for work in the past 5 years; date of last experience of discrimination because of ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background when looking for work; number of experiences of discrimination when looking for work in the past 12 months; main reasons for last experience of discrimination; person or institution to whom the incident was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint; reasons for non-reporting;
at work: current job or occupation; kind of employment contract in main job; having employees; number of employees; correspondence between current job and level of education; average number of working hours per week in the main job; experiences of discrimination at work in the past 5 years; specific experiences of discrimination at work because of ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background (e.g. given tasks below qualifications, not allowed to join a trade union, etc.); date of last experience of discrimination at work; number of experiences of discrimination at work in the past 12 months; main reasons for last experience of discrimination at work; person or institution to whom the incident was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint; reasons for non-reporting.

4. Discrimination:
Health: subjective assessment of own health condition; longstanding illness or health problems; limitation in daily activities because of a health problem in the past 6 months; national basic health insurance currently covers the health care expenses; additional health insurance coverage; need of medical examination or treatment in the past 12 months; unmet need for medical examination or treatment in the past 12 months; main reason why the respondent did not have a medical examination or treatment; use of healthcare services in the past 5 years; experiences of discrimination when using healthcare services in the past 5 years; date of last experience of discrimination when using healthcare services because of ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background; number of experiences of discrimination when using healthcare services in the past 12 months; main reasons for last experience of discrimination when using healthcare services; last time the respondent felt discriminated against because of ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background; person or institution to whom the incident was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint; reasons for non-reporting;

Housing: trying to rent or buy an apartment or a house in the country in the past 5 years; experiences of discrimination when trying to buy an apartment or a house; specific experiences of discrimination because of ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background (e.g. prevented from renting); number of experiences of discrimination in the past 5 years; main reasons for last experience of discrimination; person or institution to whom the incident was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint; reasons for non-reporting;

Education: highest level of education completed in the country; highest level of education completed in another country; country in which level was completed; current attendance of school or vocational training; type of school/ training; completed years of schooling in total in any country; parent or guardian of child(ren) within national compulsory school age range; contacts with persons from school attended by child(ren) in the past 5 years; experiences of discrimination when in contact with school authorities in the country; specific experiences of discrimination because of ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background; date of last experience; number of experiences; main reasons for last experience of discrimination; person or institution to whom the incident was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint; reasons for non-reporting; children’s experiences of discrimination in school because of their ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background;

Other services: use of different services in the country in the past 5 years; experiences of discrimination when using different services in the past 5 years and in the past 12 months; reporting of incidents in these situations; person or institution to whom discrimination in education was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint for discrimination in education; reasons for non-reporting discrimination in education; person or institution to whom discrimination in night club, bar, restaurant or hotel was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint for discrimination in night club, bar, restaurant or hotel; reasons for non-reporting discrimination in night club, bar, restaurant or hotel; person or institution to whom discrimination at administrative offices or public services war reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint for discrimination at administrative offices or public services; reasons for non-reporting; person or institution to whom discrimination in public transport was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint for discrimination in public transport; reasons for non-reporting; person or institution to whom discrimination in a shop was reported; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint for discrimination in a shop; reasons for non-reporting; awareness of experiences of discrimination among friends and family in the past 12 months;

Corruption: experiences of being asked or expected to pay bribe to government officials in the country in the past 5 years; type of official involved with last experiences of being asked or expected to pay bribe;

Police stops: experiences of being stopped, searched or questioned by police in the country in the past 5 years and in the past 12 months; context where last experience of being stopped, searched or questioned by police happened; last experience of being stopped related to ethnic or immigrant background; police requests during the last experience of being stopped; degree of respect shown by police during the last experience of being stopped; reporting disrespectful treatment by police; experiences of physical assault by police in the country in the past 5 years and in the past 12 months; reporting last incident of physical assault by police; reasons for non-reporting.

5. Victimisation: frequency of experiences of harassment in the country in the past 5 years; frequency of specific experiences of harassment related to ethnic or immigrant background in the country in the past 5 years and in the past 12 months; last incident of harassment related to ethnic or immigrant background among those mentioned; identity of perpetrator of last incident of harassment; ethnic background of perpetrator of last incident of harassment; reporting last incident of harassment and person or institution to whom the incident was reported; reasons for non-reporting; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint by police; reporting any incident of harassment related to ethnic or immigrant background in the past 5 years and institution to whom the incident was reported.

Experiences of violence: frequency of experiences of violence in the country in the past 5 years; frequency of experiences of violence related to ethnic or immigrant background in the country in the past 5 years and in the past 12 months; identity and ethnic background of perpetrator of last incident of violence; reporting last incident of violence and person or institution to whom the incident was reported; reasons for non-reporting; degree of satisfaction with handling of complaint by police; reporting any incident of violence in the past 5 years and institution to whom the incident was reported; awareness or experiences of violence among friends and family because of ethnic minority background in the past 12 months.

6. Societal participation: residence and status: reasons for coming to the country; experiences of not having a valid residence permit; applied for country citizenship in the past; outcome of country citizenship application; reasons for not applying for country citizenship; wish to apply for country citizenship in the future; close family (husband, wife, children) living outside the country; applied for family reunification in the past; outcome of family reunification application; main reason for not applying for family reunification; experiences of living in other countries for more than 3 months, mention of those other countries; possibility of moving to another country in the future; country to which might move in the future; reasons for wanting to live in another country;
Participation and group relations: religion; use of traditional or religious clothes different from those typically worn in the country; extent of self-identification as Christian, Muslim, Jew, etc.; only Muslim women: use of headscarf or niqāb outside the house; experiences of victimization related to wearing a headscarf or niqab in the past 12 months, again all: main language(s) spoken at home; self-assessment of proficiency in country language(s) as regards to speaking, reading and writing; attendance of a country language course; main reasons for not attending a country language course;

Intergroup relations: friends who are of another ethnic minority background, who do not have a minority background, who have a different religion; amount of residents in the neighbourhood of the same ethnic or immigrant background/ Roma background/ ethnic minority background as the respondent;

Comfort scales about having neighbours with different backgrounds; comfort scales about member of family marrying someone with different backgrounds; comfort scales about acceptance of using physical violence in specific situations;

Trust and values: extent of agreement with value statements on gender equality; trust in institutions;

Active citizenship: Extent of interest in politics; actions with political connotations taken in the past 12 months; vote in the last local and national elections in the country or country of citizenship; types of help or support received in the country from a public institution or NGO because of ethnic or immigrant background; respondents belonging to the target group of Roma: assistance of a health mediator when going to the doctor; assistance of a Roma teaching assistant at school for children in the household.

7. Socio-economic background: current marital status; age at (first) marriage;

Income: types of income obtained by the household in the past 12 months; main source of income of the household; goods obtained in exchange for work in the past 12 months; remittances sent or brought to family members, relatives or friends llving in the country of birth;

Poverty: ability of the household to make ends meet; possession of a bank account; ability of the household to afford certain expenses; inability to pay costs on time in the last 12 months due to financial difficulties; items possessed in the household; unmet need of different items; frequency of food deprivation in the last month.

8. Information about the locations by the interviewer: description of the place where the household lives; entry phone system or locked gate/ door before reaching the door of the target respondent(s); household living in an area that is ethnically segregated.

9. Interviewer questionnaire: financial or other incentive for the interview; location and situation during the interview: place of interview; respondent alone during the interview; persons present during the interview; parts of the questionnaire with presence or participation of other people; respondent’s command of country language; language of the interview; use of translated tools; type of uses translated tool; respondent’s cooperation; respondent’s understanding of questions; reasons for misunderstandings; respondent’s interest in the topics; respondent’s honesty; number of persons selected for the interview in the household; country of birth (immigrants and their descendants); country of birth (recent immigrants); country of birth of mother and father; household and child grid has been completed by the first person selected for the interview; household respondent.

Additionally coded: country of interview; degree of urbanisation; type of interview (household interview, location interview); target group; number of completed interviews; sex and ethnicity of the interviewer; country; taget group; weigthing factors; age imputation status; age groups; household type, highest achieved education anywhere, self-declared main activity status; paid work in the last 4 weeks; country and target group; aggregate target groups; respondent ID; household ID; at risk of poverty after social transfers; prevalence of harassment (reasons) in 5 years before the survey; experiences of physical attack in the 5 years before the survey (out of all victims of physical attack); stopped by the police in the past 5 years; last police stop, search or questions because of ethnic or immigrant background, in the past 5 years; several variables on experiences of discrimination because of skin colour, ethnic origin, religion; reported to made a complaint about the last incident of discrimination because of skin colour, ethnic origin, religion; residence and citizenship status; imputation indicator; monthly income in income bands.

Derived variables: number of completed interviews in this household; respondent (categorises the respondent into one of four categories - 1st respondent interviewed, 2nd respondent interviewed, HH member - eligible and HH member - not eligible .1st respondent 2nd respondent HH member - eligible HH member - not eligible); generation: first or second generation migrant; HH member categorised as an adult or a child.