1. Non-invasive faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) analysis is a well-established tool to quantify stress in captive and free-ranging species. While the method has great potential, its suitability in fi
The development of non-invasive methods, particularly fecal determination, has made possible the assessment of hormone concentrations in wild animal populations. However, measuring fecal metabolites n
General reference intervals or values (without accounting for sex, age, age2, and month) are given below if access to the iOS ZooPhysioTrak app is not available for a facility.
1androgen variation between subjects (i.e., effects of androgen as a function of differences between subjects with regard to their average androgen levels); 2androgen variation within subjects (i.e.,