Effects of thermal stress on coral microbiome

Rapid climate change due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is pushing corals to and past their physiological limits, while their microbiome is being pressed toward dysbiosis. Microbes greatly influence the health and functioning of corals, but thermal anomalies that cause bleaching can affect certain taxa of the host-associated prokaryote and Symbiodinium communities, leading corals toward a disease-prone state. In some coral species, however, even significant thermal stress may not result in visible signs of bleaching. Whether changes in the coral microbiome occur in these “winners” during temperature anomalies is not well described. In the present study, we tagged and followed 10 colonies of the branching coral Pocillopora acuta on a fringing reef off Orpheus Island in the central Great Barrier Reef for one year, of which the summer coincided with the 2016 mass-bleaching event. No visible signs of bleaching were observed in any of the 10 colonies throughout the study period, despite experiencing two degree heating weeks of thermal stress and observations of bleaching in other coral species on the same reef. Metabarcoding based on the Symbiodinium ITS2 rDNA spacer and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene results provided evidence for increases in a number of potentially beneficial bacteria, such as diazotrophs, during the thermal stress event, but this had little effect on the overall structure the microbial community. These suggest some flexibility in the microbiome to adjust to higher than average temperatures without disrupting microbiome stability, perhaps allowing P. acuta to represent a “winner” of thermal stress.