Mismatch analysis and neutrality tests for population groups I-VII of Littorina saxatilis, identified by SAMOVA.

For each statistic, P-values obtained by 1000 permutations, are given within parentheses. Values supporting population expansion (i.e. significant negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's statistics and non-significant sum of square deviations between observed and expected mismatch distributions (SSD) and raggedness index r) are highlighted in bold. For groups with support for population expansion, time of expansion T (in thousands years, ka) was calculated from expansion parameter τ, mutation rate of 2 and 4% per site per Ma and generation time 0.5–1 years.