Association between long‑term exposure to air pollution and the risk of vitiligo: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan

Supplementary information of the study titled "Association between long‑term exposure to air pollution and the risk of vitiligo: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan". Vitiligo is a depigmented skin disorder with oxidative stress playing a crucial role underlying its pathogenesis. While air pollution exposure induces oxidative stress in human body, its link to vitiligo remains unclear. We performed a nationwide retrospective cohort study using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database to assess the impact of long-term air pollution exposure on vitiligo risk. Higher exposure levels of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM) <10 micrometers in diameter (PM10), PM2.5, and nitrogen oxides were significantly associated with an increased risk of vitiligo. This study highlights the correlation between long-term air pollution exposure and the vitiligo risk.