Mean QoR-PACU scores for each item and the mean QoR-PACU sum score.

Responsiveness is expressed with Cohen effect size (difference between preoperative and postoperative QoR-PACU scores, divided by the preoperative SD, 0.2 being considered small, 0.5 as medium, and 0.8 or greater as large [33]) and the standardized response mean (score difference divided by the SD of the score difference). Numbers are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise indicated. QoR: Quality of recovery, PACU: postanesthesia care unit; CI: confidence interval.