Scaling Digital Twin Models

pi_terms.xlsx : This file contains the dimensionless term sets generated from the parameters defined in Eq. (10). The parameters are as follows:F_c : F_21, magnitude of the joint reaction force at the joint connecting Link B and the bucket.F_l : F_21, magnitude of the joint reaction force at the joint connecting the Main Arm and the bucket.Pf_c : Pf_tilt, magnitude of the force from the hydraulic cylinder tilting the bucket.Pf_s : Pf_lift, magnitude of the force from the hydraulic cylinder lifting the mechanism.a : a_1, linear acceleration at the center of mass of the combined bucket and load body.alpha : alpha_1 angular acceleration at the center of mass of the combined bucket and load body.m : mass of the combined bucket and load bodyx : x component of the center of mass of the combined bucket and load body z : z component of the center of mass of the combined bucket and load bodySince Eq. (10) includes nine parameters, each dimensionless set contains six parameters. Accordingly, each of the six rows in the Excel file corresponds to one dimensionless number within that set. The numerical values assigned to each parameter in a row represent the respective exponents of those parameters. Rows 2–7 correspond to the first dimensionless term set, rows 8–13 to the second set, and so forth. For example, in the first row of each set, where F_c is assigned 1, F_l is assigned -1, and the rest of the parameters are assigned 0, corresponds to the dimensionless number F_c/F_l. High_Correlation_PiTermSet.xlsx : This file includes the evaluated values of the dimensionless term set with the highest correlation identified from pi_terms.xlsx. Each column corresponds to one dimensionless number within the chosen set, and each row represents a datapoint of the training dataset. The data used to evaluate the values of these dimensionless numbers were obtained from the digital twin simulations of the wheel loader.Models_data.xlsx : This file contains the data used to generate Fig. 12, which compares the performance of all scaling models against the direct application of the Buckingham Pi theorem when scaling down to the miniature wheel loader.