Olfactory cues of habitats facilitate learning about landscapes of fear

Across landscapes, prey are exposed to different levels of predation risk within different habitats. However, little is known about how prey learn about risk in different habitat types. Here, we examined if wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvatica, use olfactory cues from two distinct, plant-dominated habitats (cattail and pond weed) to learn about the overall risk within a habitat and the risk posed by a specific predator species within different habitats. In our first experiment, tadpoles experienced both a high-risk and a low-risk habitat before being tested for habitat-specific neophobic responses, a cognitive trait expressed in high-risk but not low-risk environments. In the second experiment, we taught tadpoles to recognise a predator in one habitat while the other one was never associated with a predator. Tadpoles were then tested for their responses to the predator and a control in both habitats. Our results showed that high-risk cattail tadpoles developed habitat-specific neoph...