Mean values of herbaceous layer species richness, diversity, biomass and cover at wildlife (A) and livestock (B) sites (see Table 1 for abbreviations; in addition, “sub” represent sites influenced by tree canopies while “out” are sites outside the sphere of influence of tree canopies).

F and P statistics of one-way ANOVA are given for separate and full (for significant interactions) models on herbivore treatments (Site effect), influence of canopy (Canopy effect) and their interaction. Different letters indicate Tukey-HSD significant differences at P = 0.05.
*significant interaction between site and canopy; F- and P-value given for the full model
‡separate one-way ANOVA for different canopy categories were conducted.