Foraging behavior, nesting dispersion, and developmental strategies of sampled outgroup taxa to Charadriiformes.

Extinct species are denoted by a “†”. *Ethological and developmental attributes of Prophaethon shrubsolei and Odontopteryx toliapica are largely unknown because these extinct taxa are known only from fossils; however, pseudotoothed birds such as Odontopteryx have been interpreted as aerial surface skimmers [84]. Abbreviations: A, altricial; AP = aerial predator; ASS, aerial surface skimmer; C, colonial; FPD, foot-propelled diver; G, generalist; FWPD, flightless wing-propelled diver; P, precocial; S, solitary; SP, semi-precocial; TAF, terrestrial aerial forager; TGF, terrestrial ground-forager.