GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME: CURRENT CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Despite significant advances in neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, molecular biology, and medical imaging, glioblastoma remains associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. The tumor is characterized by rapid growth, extensive infiltration into surrounding brain tissue, marked genetic heterogeneity, and resistance to conventional therapies. Current treatment typically involves maximal surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy; however, recurrence is almost inevitable. Recent developments in molecular diagnostics, immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and gene-based treatments have generated new hope for improving outcomes. This article reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, treatment approaches, and future therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma multiforme.