Database underlying the publication: Regional differentials in infant mortality in the Netherlands in the late 19th and early 20th century: Cross-sectional spatial analyses at the municipal level

This database contains cross-sectional data for all municipalities in the Netherlands during two distinct periods: 1877–1879 and 1908–1910. For each municipality, a wide range of information is provided for these two short time frames. The data includes: (1) Demographic indicators, such as mid-year and end-of-year population size (sometimes disaggregated by sex), infant mortality, stillbirths, births (total and male), illegitimate births, and male/female in- and out-migration figures. (2) Religious composition, reporting absolute numbers of adherents per religion, including Orthodox Protestants, Dutch Reformed, Roman Catholics, and Jewish populations. (3) Medical data, including the number of medical professionals (e.g., doctors, midwives, nurses) and detailed cowpox vaccination figures, including infant vaccinations and averages over multiple years. Toddler vaccination data is also included for the earlier period. (4) Socioeconomic participation indicators, including the unemployment rate (for 1909), percentage employed in agriculture, female labor participation, and the number of eligible voters in municipal elections. (5) Additional variables include the presence and duration of water pipe supply, economic region (CBS 1920–1930s), soil type, and municipal area size.<br> This dataset forms the empirical foundation for the historical-demographic research article "Regional differentials in infant mortality in the Netherlands in the late 19th and early 20th century: Cross-sectional spatial analyses at the municipal level." Included with the database are: (1) The original Excel database containing all relevant data. (2) An accompanying R Project file for data processing and analysis. (3) Adjusted shapefiles in GeoJSON format, derived from the NLGis shapefiles by Boonstra (2007). (4) Additional files, including R-script, regression tables and more.<br> When using this database, please cite the following sources: (1) Mourits, Rick J.; Boonstra, Onno; Knippenberg, Hans; Hofstee, Evert W.; Zijdeman, Richard L. (2016). Historische Database Nederlandse Gemeenten. IISH Data Collection, V5. https://hdl.handle.net/10622/RPBVK4 (2) Boonstra, O.W.A. (2007). NLGis shapefiles. DANS. https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-xb9-t677 (3) Rutten, W. (1997). De vreselijkste aller harpijen: Pokkenepidemieën en pokkenbestrijding in Nederland in de achttiende en negentiende eeuw: Een sociaal-historische en historisch-demografische studie. Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. https://doi.org/10.18174/138379<br><br>

本数据库收录了荷兰所有市镇（municipalities）在两个独立时段的横截面数据（cross-sectional data）：1877年至1879年，以及1908年至1910年。针对每个市镇，本数据集为这两个短时段提供了多维度的信息。数据涵盖以下类别：
1. 人口统计指标：包括年中、年末人口规模（部分数据按性别拆分）、婴儿死亡率（infant mortality）、死产数、出生人口总数及男性出生人口数、非婚生育数，以及男性、女性的迁入与迁出人口数。
2. 宗教构成：记录各宗教信徒的绝对人数，涵盖正教新教徒、荷兰归正会信徒、罗马天主教徒以及犹太族群人口。
3. 医疗数据：包含医疗从业人员数量（如医生、助产士、护士），以及详细的牛痘接种（cowpox vaccination）统计数据，涵盖婴儿接种情况及多年平均接种率；1877-1879年的早期时段还收录了幼儿接种数据。
4. 社会经济参与指标：包含失业率（仅1909年数据）、农业就业占比、女性劳动参与率，以及市镇选举的合格选民人数。
5. 其他变量：包括自来水供应的存在情况与供应时长、经济区域（荷兰中央统计局（CBS）1920-1930年代划定标准）、土壤类型以及市镇辖区面积。

本数据集为以下历史人口学研究论文提供了实证基础：《19世纪末至20世纪初荷兰婴儿死亡率的区域差异：市镇层面的横截面空间分析》。配套数据集的文件包括：
1. 包含全部相关数据的原始Excel数据库；
2. 用于数据处理与分析的配套R项目文件；
3. 由Boonstra（2007）基于NLGis形状文件改编而来的GeoJSON格式校正形状文件；
4. 其他附加文件，包括R脚本、回归表格等。

使用本数据库时，请引用以下来源：
1. Mourits, Rick J.; Boonstra, Onno; Knippenberg, Hans; Hofstee, Evert W.; Zijdeman, Richard L. (2016). 《Historische Database Nederlandse Gemeenten》. IISH数据馆藏（IISH Data Collection），版本5。https://hdl.handle.net/10622/RPBVK4
2. Boonstra, O.W.A. (2007). NLGis shapefiles. DANS. https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-xb9-t677
3. Rutten, W. (1997). 《De vreselijkste aller harpijen: Pokkenepidemieën en pokkenbestrijding in Nederland in de achttiende en negentiende eeuw: Een sociaal-historische en historisch-demografische studie》. 瓦赫宁根农业大学（Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen）. https://doi.org/10.18174/138379