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To investigate the expression of the TGF-β1/Smads/α-SMA pathway and its effect on bladder histology and function .The expression of TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, Smad6, α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III in bladder tissues were detected. In addition, the histological characteristics of the bladder were evaluated. A preoperative urodynamic study was performed on all children with NB. We analyzed the correlations among the expression of the marker protein a-SMA in myofibroblasts, effector cells of the pathway, and bladder function parameters.