Total ginsenosides modulate gut microbiota and microbial metabolites from pregnant women with poor diet quality in an in vitro fermentation model

Poor diet quality during pregnancy is a major contributor to maternal gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Total ginsenosides (TGs) have demonstrated microbiota-modulating potential in non-pregnant models; however, their direct effects on gut microbial communities from pregnant women with poor diet quality remain undefined.