Political Culture and Rhetoric

Data DescriptionThis dataset underpins the research article titled "Factors Influencing Political Culture in Bangladesh: From the Perspective of Political Rhetoric." It contains the complete primary data collected to investigate the multifaceted relationship between political rhetoric and its impact on political culture, rivalry, amicability, voting behavior, and emotions among citizens in Bangladesh.Data Generation and ProcessingThe data was generated through a cross-sectional survey administered to adults in both rural and urban areas. A structured questionnaire was developed, comprising items designed to measure perceptions across five key constructs: Political Rivalry, Political Amicability, Voting Behaviour, Political Culture, and Political Emotion. Respondents indicated their level of agreement with each statement using a five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, No Opinion, Disagree, Strongly Disagree). Prior to full deployment, a pilot study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire instrument.The final dataset comprises responses from 400 participants. A stratified sampling method was employed, with 200 questionnaires completed in urban areas and 200 in rural areas. Within each area, data was further collected from both male and female respondents to ensure gender representation. The raw data was manually entered into a spreadsheet and subsequently cleaned and processed for analysis. The data processing involved coding the Likert scale responses, calculating descriptive statistics (counts and column percentages) for each demographic subgroup, and constructing composite variables for the five core constructs to facilitate regression modeling.Geographic and Temporal ScopeGeographic Coverage: The data was collected within a single country, Bangladesh, and includes representation from both urban and residential areas. The specific locations are not identified to maintain respondent anonymity, but the urban/rural classification provides a key geographical dimension for analysis.Temporal Coverage: The data represent a single point in time (cross-sectional). The exact date of collection is not specified in the file, but it corresponds to the period when the research was conducted for the associated thesis.Data Structure and Content (Tabular Data)The data is organized within a single Microsoft Excel file. The spreadsheet contains multiple sections of processed and analyzed data, which are described below.Total Data Entries: The core survey dataset is built on responses from 400 individual participants (N=400).Row Headers (What the rows represent): The rows are primarily defined by two categories:Survey Questions: The main row headers are the statements from the questionnaire, grouped under the five theoretical constructs (e.g., "Political speeches are full of hatred and arrogance," "Speeches given by the politicians are logical and informative," "I regularly listen or read political news").Likert Scale Options: Each survey question is followed by five rows representing the possible response options: Strongly Agree, Agree, No Opinion, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree.Column Headers (What the columns represent): The columns present the data segmented by the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The primary segmentation is by living area (Rural/Urban) and then further by gender. For each subgroup, two columns are provided:Count: The raw number of respondents from that specific subgroup who selected a given Likert scale option.Column N %: The proportion (as a decimal) that this count represents within that specific subgroup. For example, under 'Rural Male', the column percentages for all responses to a single question will sum to 1.0 (or 100%). Units of Measurement: The 'Count' columns are measured in absolute numbers of respondents. The 'Column N %' columns are decimal proportions, which can be converted to percentages by multiplying by 100.Additional Data Sections: The file also includes several pre-processed analytical tables derived from the raw data, which are crucial for understanding the data's interpretation:Descriptive Analysis Results: Summary tables showing the overall and area-wise (Urban/Rural) frequency and percentage for each survey question, including p-values from statistical tests (Fisher’s exact test, Pearson’s Chi-squared test) comparing urban and rural responses.Demographic and Socio-political Characteristics: A table detailing the demographic profile of the sample, including Profession, Education, Political Involvement, Gender, Religion, Voting Frequency, Political Support, Information Sources, and Age, segmented by urban and rural residency.Regression Modelling Results: Output from multiple linear regression models. These tables show the estimated coefficients, confidence intervals, and p-values for various predictors (Resident Category, Profession, Education, etc.) on each of the five key political constructs (Rivalry, Amicability, etc.). This section is crucial for understanding the predictors of political attitudes.Missing DataA review of the data tables indicates that there is no missing data in the presented crosstabulations and summaries. All counts and percentages are reported for the full sample of 400 respondents. The "No Opinion" option on the Likert scale captures neutral responses and is not treated as missing data.Data Errors and RangesError Ranges: The data is survey-based and does not involve physical measurements with instrumental error. The primary source of potential error is sampling error, which is addressed in the associated research article through the calculation of p-values and confidence intervals in the regression analysis. For instance, the regression tables provide 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each estimate, indicating the range within which the true population parameter is likely to fall.Data Quality: The data has been processed for analysis and appears internally consistent, with column percentages for each subgroup summing correctly to 1.0 (or 100%) across the response options for a given question. Any minor discrepancies would be due to rounding.File Format and UsageFile Name: Political Culture and Rhetoric.xlsxFile Format: Microsoft Excel Open XML Spreadsheet (.xlsx)Software Compatibility: This file can be opened with Microsoft Excel (2007 and later) and other spreadsheet software that supports the .xlsx format, such as LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets, and Apache OpenOffice. No specialized software is required to view the data.This dataset is provided to allow for the replication of the study's findings and to facilitate secondary analyses exploring the dynamics of political rhetoric and its societal impact. Researchers can reuse the data to investigate specific subgroups, apply different analytical techniques, or compare these findings with data from other geographical or temporal contexts.