Rancher viewpoint diversity in human-wildlife coexistence management: The case of jaguar-livestock interaction in the region of Calakmul, Mexico

This study focuses on jaguar conservation in ranching landscapes in the Calakmul region of Mexico, where jaguars (Panthera onca) often coexist with ranchers, leading to potential conflicts. To better understand ranchers' perspectives, we conducted discrete choice experiments (DCEs) with 196 ranchers across five localities. The study assessed preferences regarding four key attributes: forest cover, livestock management practices, the desired number of jaguars, and willingness to invest in measures that promote coexistence between livestock and jaguars.

Our findings revealed significant diversity in ranchers' preferences. While some ranchers support increased forest cover and the adoption of silvopastoral practices, others prefer reduced forest areas and the absence of jaguars. This heterogeneity underscores the need for tailored conservation strategies that address these diverse viewpoints. Effective conservation policies must go beyond addressing negative interactions with jaguars to also integrate ranchers' fundamental needs, such as education, healthcare, women's empowerment, and cultural preservation.

This research highlights the importance of participatory approaches and the value of DCEs in providing actionable insights for developing conservation policies that are both socially acceptable and aligned with local needs. By considering the diverse perspectives of ranchers, this study aims to contribute to more balanced, effective, and equitable jaguar conservation efforts in the Calakmul region.