Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee (Xenoglossa pruinosa)

Mounting evidence supporting the negative impacts of exposure to neonicotinoids on bees has prompted the registration of novel ‘bee-friendly’ insecticides for agricultural use. Flupyradifurone (FPF) is a butenolide insecticide that shares the same mode of action as neonicotinoids and has been assessed to be “practically non-toxic to adult honeybees” using current risk assessment procedures. However, these assessments overlook some routes of exposure specific to wild bees, such as contact with residues in soil for ground nesters. Co-exposure with other pesticides may also lead to detrimental synergistic effects. In a fully crossed experiment, we assessed the possible lethal and sublethal effects of chronic exposure to two pesticides used on Cucurbita crops, the insecticide Sivanto® Prime (FPF) and the fungicide Quadris Top® (azoxystrobin and difenoconazole), alone or combined, on solitary ground-nesting squash bees (Xenoglossa pruinosa). Squash bees exposed to Quadris Top collected less ..., , , # Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee (*Xenoglossa pruinosa*)

This README file describes the data package accompanying the publication: Rondeau S, Raine NE. 2024. Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee (*Xenoglossa pruinosa*). *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2939.

## Description of the data and file structure

The file \"Data_Rondeau_Raine2024.xslx\" contains multiple tabs (sheets) representing each dataset analyzed in the study. The description of each dataset and variables therein are as follows:

**All tabs**

* Hoophouse_ID: unique enclosure identifier (see Figure S1)
* Block: block (see Figure S1)
* Insecticide_tx: Insecticide treatment (Control or Sivanto)
* Fungicide_tx: Fungicide treatment (Control or Quadris Top)
* TX: treatment (Control, Q...