Engineering revolution of cell membrane-biomimetic nanoparticles: from hybridization strategy innovation to microfluidics-enabled precision fabrication

With the continuous advancement of bionanomaterial technology, the design and fabrication strategies of biomimetic nanocarriers have undergone significant strategic transformations and innovations. This article systematically reviews the evolution from single-cell membrane nanovesicles to hybrid cell membrane nanovesicles integrating multiple cell membranes, culminating in cell membrane hybrid lipid nanoparticles (CM-LNPs) combining natural cell membranes or membrane proteins with engineered synthetic phospholipids. This technological progression enables the synergistic retention of multicellular biological functions and the incorporation of advantageous synthetic material properties, such as enhanced engineering flexibility and surface modifiability. Additionally, the article discusses the advantages and limitations of traditional extrusion and ultrasonication methods in the preparation of cell membrane nanovesicles, highlights the benefits and development prospects of novel microfluidic techniques in the preparation of CM-LNPs, and explores the future application prospects and challenges of CM-LNPs in the biomedical field.