Table_1_Basic logical operation skills and logical reasoning competences of university students in a Western region of Romania.DOCX

Empirical research results show that the system of logical operations and conclusion schemes does not become complete even in adulthood. Although we know other logical models besides the classical two-valued logical reasoning model, in higher education for students it is essential to know and apply the rules of the classical reasoning model. Proofs, reasoning and refutation are necessary in the case of several subjects, as scientific language uses many of logical operations. Our 2022 end-of-year research measured general logical basic-knowledge and operations in everyday life, mathematical, physical, chemical and biological contexts based on 246 university students’ online testing. The students completed the tasks which required the correct conclusion in the highest proportion (69.02%), followed by the interpretation of ‘at most’/‘at least’ (63.41%), and at least the negation (the negation of the ‘at least’, of ‘exists’ and of ‘for all’) (29.91%). Our results show that the correct interpretation did not become dominant in the case of all logical operations for these students. The everyday life problems were solved correctly by the highest percentage of students (70.05%), followed by problems in biological, physical and mathematical context. They were least successful (28.04%) in solving logical problems related to chemistry. This shows that our data cannot be analyzed without semantic content. Based on different statistical tests, we did not find a significant difference in performance between genders, but according to the human capital theory students of more highly educated mothers performed significantly better.

实证研究表明，即便在成年后，逻辑运算与结论方案的系统亦未臻完善。尽管我们知晓除经典的两值逻辑推理模型之外的诸多逻辑模型，但在高等教育中，对于学生而言，掌握并应用经典推理模型的规则是至关重要的。在诸多学科领域，证明、推理与反驳是不可或缺的，因为科学语言中广泛运用了逻辑运算。我们于2022年年末的研究基于246名大学生的在线测试，测量了他们在日常生活、数学、物理、化学和生物情境下的逻辑基础知识与操作能力。学生在完成要求正确得出结论的任务中，正确率最高（达到69.02%），其次是‘最多’/‘至少’的解释（63.41%），以及至少否定（包括‘至少’、‘存在’和‘对所有’的否定）（29.91%）。我们的结果表明，对于这些学生而言，正确解释并非在所有逻辑运算中占据主导地位。在解决日常生活问题时，学生正确率最高（70.05%），其次是生物、物理和数学情境中的问题。他们在解决与化学相关的逻辑问题时最不成功（28.04%）。这表明，我们的数据无法脱离语义内容进行分析。基于不同的统计检验，我们没有发现性别在表现上存在显著差异，但根据人力资本理论，母亲教育程度较高的学生在表现上显著更优。