Position biases of the different IRT methodologies for comparing groups, for different simulation parameters; the difficulties are considered unknown, the latent traits are normally distributed.

IRT: Item Response Theory, CML: conditional maximum likelihood, MML: marginal maximum likelihood, MML-Cov: MML with group covariate, : items difficulties distribution, : number of items, : sample size, : difference between the latent traits means, : expected difference between the scores means, WML: weighted maximum likelihood, EAP: expected a posteriori, PV: plausible values, MI: multiple imputations of PV, Norm: normal distribution, Mixt: equiprobable mixture of two normal distributions.Estimated position biases significantly different from 0 appear in bold.