Genomic history of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant and Southern Caucasus

Here we report genome-wide data analyses from 110 ancient Near Eastern individuals spanning the Late Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age, a period characterized by intense interregional interactions for the Near East. We find that 6th millennium BCE populations of North/Central Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus shared mixed ancestry on a genetic cline that formed during the Neolithic between western Anatolia and regions in today's Southern Caucasus/Zagros, whereas Northern Levantine populations were genetically affiliated to the Southern Levant. During the Late Chalcolithic and/or the Early Bronze Age more than half of the Northern Levantine gene pool was replaced while in the rest of Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus we document genetic continuity with only transient gene flow. Additionally, we reveal an individual of distinct genetic origins within the Late Bronze Age Northern Levant. Overall, our study uncovers multiple scales of population dynamics through time, from extensive admixture during the Neolithic period to long-distance mobility within the globalized societies of the Late Bronze Age.