Bacterial extracellular vesicles deliver immunomodulatory factors to host cells to subvert host immune responses

Some pathogenic bacteria secrete virulence factors that can enter the nucleus of human cells and disrupt how those cells work, sometimes increasing cancer risk. This study found that Helicobacter pylori packages one such factor, called Tipα, inside tiny bubble‑like particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs). Tipα is packaged within EVs and is delivered the nucleus of epithelial cells, where it can interact with DNA. Importantly, EVs lacking Tipα triggered stronger inflammation. Overall, these studies suggests EVs are a previously unrecognised way bacteria deliver virulence factors that may influence immunity and stomach cancer development. The work undertaken will help inform future therapeutics or prophylactics to prevent stomach cancer