gprMax: Open source software to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for Ground Penetrating Radar
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gprMax is open source software that simulates electromagnetic wave propagation, using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, for the numerical modelling of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). gprMax was originally developed in 1996 when numerical modelling using the FDTD method and, in general, the numerical modelling of GPR were in their infancy. Current computing resources offer the opportunity to build detailed and complex FDTD models of GPR to an extent that was not previously possible. To enable these types of simulations to be more easily realised, and also to facilitate the addition of more advanced features, gprMax has been redeveloped and significantly modernised. The original C-based code has been completely rewritten using a combination of Python and Cython programming languages. Standard and robust file formats have been chosen for geometry and field output files. New advanced modelling features have been added including: an unsplit implementation of higher order Perfectly Matched Layers (PMLs) using a recursive integration approach; diagonally anisotropic materials; dispersive media using multi-pole Debye, Drude or Lorenz expressions; soil modelling using a semi-empirical formulation for dielectric properties and fractals for geometric characteristics; rough surface generation; and the ability to embed complex transducers and targets.
gprMax是一款开源软件，采用时域有限差分法（Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD）模拟电磁波传播，用于探地雷达（Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR）的数值建模。gprMax最初开发于1996年，当时采用FDTD法的数值建模技术，乃至探地雷达的通用数值建模都尚处于起步阶段。当前的计算资源已允许我们构建此前无法实现的高精度、复杂的GPR FDTD数值模型。为了更便捷地实现此类模拟，并便于集成更多高级功能，gprMax已被全面重构并完成大幅现代化升级。最初基于C语言编写的源码已通过Python与Cython编程语言的组合完成全量重写。研究团队为几何与场输出文件选定了标准化且稳定性优异的文件格式。新增的高级建模功能包括：采用递归积分方法实现的高阶完美匹配层（Perfectly Matched Layers, PML）非分裂式实现；对角各向异性材料；基于多极Debye、Drude或Lorenz公式的色散介质；采用半经验公式表征介电特性、以分形表征几何特征的土壤建模；粗糙表面生成功能；以及嵌入复杂换能器与目标体的能力。
