Mannose remodels glucose metabolism to antagonize the overwhelming host inflammatory response

we performed transcriptomic analysis in A549 cells and demonstrated a reduced proinflammatory response but increased host tolerance upon H1N1 virus infection and mannose therapy, providing further evidence for the beneficial role of mannose in immunometabolism. Overall design: The lung epithelial A549 cells were pre-treated with 25mM mannose or PBS control overnight. The cells were then infected with H1N1 (2MOI) and incubated in DMEM medium with 25mM mannose or PBS control. At 24hpi, total cellular RNAs of the virus-infected-PBS, virus-infected-mannose, or non-infected groups (n =3) were collected. Total RNA was extracted with the RNeasy Mini Kit(Qiagen, Cat. No. / ID: 74104). Sequencing libraries were constructed and sequenced in the Proteomics and Metabolomics Core (LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong). After filtering the low-quality reads, clean reads were mapped to reference sequences using HISAT/Bowtie2. The DEGs in treated samples were submitted to DAVID server for pathway enrichment and cluster analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DEGs was implemented using the GOseq R package. KOBAS software was used to examine the statistical enrichment of DEGS in The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways.