Data and code from: Widespread evolution of poricidal flowers: A striking example of morphological convergence across flowering plants

The evolution of tube-like floral morphologies that control pollen release
via small openings (functionally poricidal flowers) represents a
taxonomically and geographically widespread instance of repeated and
independent evolution of a functionally similar morphology. Poricidal
flowers are also often closely associated with buzz pollination by bees.
Yet we lack an updated angiosperm-wide survey of their phylogenetic
distribution. We identify all known angiosperm genera containing poricidal
flowers via a literature survey. We determined their phylogenetic
distribution and minimum number of independent gains and losses via a
species-level angiosperm-wide phylogeny. We estimated if evolution of
poricidal flowers is associated with changes in speciation/extinction via
diversification rate analyses. Poricidal flowers occur across 87
angiosperm families and 639 genera containing > 28,000 species. At
the species level, an average of 205 independent gains and 215 losses of
poricidal flowers occurred. Angiosperm-wide analyses suggest an early
burst in poricidal evolution, but no differences in net diversification
(origination-extinction) between non-poricidal and poricidal taxa.
Analyses for two focal families however indicate strong context-dependent
effects of poricidal flowers on diversification. Poricidal evolution thus
represents a large-scale example of convergent evolution in floral form,
but effects on diversification appear to be strongly contingent on
phylogenetic and ecological background.