Environmental Kuznets Curve Applications for Water Pollution in the EU

Purpose of the dataset

This dataset is intended to be used to utilize information provided in the paper: Environmental Kuznets Curve Applications for Water Pollution in the EU. This research investigates the effects of economic activity from five economic sectors on biological oxygen demand (BOD) - a common form of water pollution.

Contents

This repository contains panel data, regression code, and figures related to the analysis of sectoral GDP and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) across 18 EU countries (2000–2021). The data files included are in CSV format, while the code is in .rmd format.

Data sources
BOD data (EEA, 2024). BOD is measured in milligrams of O2 per litre.
GDP data (Eurostat, 2025), with the unit of measurement being the current price in millions of euros.
Freshwater withdrawal rates (UN Water).
Environmental flow requirements Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Units are in terms of 10*9 m3/year.
Dam Capacity (Aquastat) measured as Total Dam Capacity in km*3.
Freshwater resources (World Bank) in billion cubic meters.
Primary Education rates (World Bank) as a percentage of primary school age children.
Environmental taxes (OECD) measured in millions of U.S. dollars.
Employment (Eurostat) (thousands of people).
Total population (World Bank) is a measure of the number of inhabitants per country.
Energy balances (Eurostat) measured in thousand tons of oil equivalent.
Fossil fuel emissions (Eurostat) measured in thousand tonnes.
Primary energy consumption (Our World in Data) is measured in terawatt-hours.
Emissions allude (EEA) measured in thousand tonnes.

README availability
A detailed README.txt is included that explains how to use the files.