Table A 1 in Splitting Echinocactus: morphological and molecular evidence support the recognition of Homalocephala as a distinct genus in the Cacteae

Table A1. Morphological characters, character states, and development stages at which the characters were coded. A. Embryo, B. One week to one month seedlings, C. One year individuals, D. Juvenile, E. Adult, F. Adult flower, G. Adult fruit, and H. Seed. Numbers in parenthesis of indels are the positions at which they are located in the total alignment. Characters and statesDevelopment stages1) Embryo type, 0 = orthotropous; 1 = anatropous; 2 = campylotropousA2) Cotyledon apex, 0 = acute; 1 = obtuse; 2 = roundedB3) Number of spines per areole, 0 = 1 to 4; 1 = 5 to 8; 2 = 9 to 12B4) Presence of cotyledons, 0 = inconspicuous; 1 = conspicuousC5) Epicotyl type, 0 = totally tuberculate; 1 = ribbed; 2 = apically tuberculateC6) Epicotyl shape, 0 = globose; 1 = cylindrical; 2 = rectangularC7) Epidermis, 0 = glabrous; 1 = pubescentC8) Growth form, 0 = simple; 1 = cespitoseE9) Stem colour, 0 = light green; 1; dark greenE10) Epidermis, 0 = glabrous; 1 = pubescentE11) Stem apex, 0 = glabrous; 1 = slightly cover with wool; 2 = densely cover with woolE12) Rib shape, 0 = acute; 1 = obtuseD, E13) Distal portion of the ribs, 0 = undulated; 1 = straightE14) Spine epidermis, 0 = glabrous; 1 = pubescentE15) Trichomes length in reproductive areoles, 0 = small; 1 = largeE16) Flower shape, 0 = campanulate; 1 = slightly tubularF17) Pericarpel wall, 0 = naked; 1 = with accessory appendagesF18) Type of accessory appendages of the pericarpel, 0 = scale; 1 = spineF19) Presence of trichomes in flower areoles, 0 = absent; 1 = presentF20) colour of the pericarpel in anthesis, 0 = green; 1 = light green; 2 = whitish with pink; 3 = pink to purple; 4 = brownishF21) Pericarpel scale shape, 0 = semicircular; 1 = narrowly triangular "pointed scales"F22) Pericarpel scale margin, 0 = entire; 1 = SerrateF23) Pericarpel scale apex, 0 = acuminate; 1 = mucronateF24) Abaxial surface of the pericarpel scales, 0 = glabrous; 1 = pubescentF25) Floral tube scale shape, 0 = triangular; 1 = ensiform; 2 = trullate; 3 = ovateF26) Perianth external segments shape, 0 = obovate; 1 = oblanceolate; 2 = elliptic; 3 = oblong; 4 = lanceolateF27) Perianth internal segments shape, 0 = cordate; 1 = obovate; 2 = oblanceolate; 3 = elliptic; 4 = rhombic; 5 = lanceolateF28) Fruit type, 0 = dried; 1 = fleshy juicyG29) Fruit wall, 0 = naked; 1 = with accessory appendagesG30) Spine presence in fruit, 0 = absent; 1 = presentG31) Trichomes presence in fruit, 0 = absent; 1 = presentG32) Scale presence in fruit, 0 = absent; 1 = presenceG33) Scale shape of fruit, 0 = ovate; 1 = narrowly triangular "pointed scales"G34) Seed size, 0 = very small; 1 = small; 2 = medium; 3 = large; 4 = very large; 5 = extremely largeH35) Position of the hilum with respect to the long axis, 1 = perpendicular; 2 = oblique; 3 = parallelH36) Colour of the testa, 0 = black; 1 = black-brown; 2 = reddish; 3 = black-greyH37) Keel presence in seed, 0 = absent; 1 = presenceH38) Boundary relief in testa cells, 0 = inconspicuos; 1 = channeled; 2 = raisedH39) Relief of the periclinal walls of the testa cells, 0 = none (flat); 1 = convex; 2 = concave; 3 = partially convex; 4 = partially concaveH40) Microrelief of the testa cells, 0 = glabrous; 1 = verrucose; 2 = striateH41) Hilum-micropyle configuration, 0 = disjunct; 1= conjunct but separated by sclerified tissue; 2 = fusedH42) Presence of appendages, 0 = absent; 1 = presentH43) Indel, (54-55)-44) Indel, (58-59)-45) Indel, (82-85)-46) Indel, (122)-47) Indel, (161-169)-48) Indel, (186-191)-49) Indel, (381)-50) Indel, (388-389)-51) Indel, (390-394)-52) Indel, (419-423)-53) Indel, (448-456)-54) Indel, (517-541)-55) Indel, (572-576)-