Comparing otolith shape among three herring populations using an ANOVA like permutation test for smoothed and unsmoothed outlines.

Output from the R package shapeR, Fourier and Wavelet coefficients, were entered into the vegan package [22]. Differences among samples were tested by 1000 permutations. Df: degrees of freedom, Var: Variance among populations, F: pseudo F-value, P: proportion of permutations which gave as large or larger F-value than the observed one, for each test based on the smoothed and unsmoothed data.Comparing otolith shape among three herring populations using an ANOVA like permutation test for smoothed and unsmoothed outlines.