Longer and warmer prewinter periods reduce post-winter fitness in a diapausing insect

1. Diapause is considered an important adaptation for survival of winter; however, insects often enter diapause long before its onset. Thus, diapausing insects must also be able to survive these prewinter conditions which warm temperatures could make quite energetically taxing despite relative inactivity.
2. We tested for both immediate and delayed fitness effects of prewinter conditions in diapausing Pieris napi butterfly pupae, experimentally exposing them to different prewinter treatments in a factorial design. We placed diapausing pupae at one of three temperatures (15, 20, 25 °C) for 1 to 16 weeks, followed by the same standardized winter for all individuals.
3. We monitored survival at multiple points during the experiment, including after winter, as well as their change in mass. For a subset of individuals, we also made repeated metabolic measurements.
4. We found substantial weight loss during prewinter warm periods, greater during longer prewinter treatments at higher temperatu...