Accessing Multiple Classes of 2H‑Indazoles: Mechanistic Implications for the Cadogan and Davis–Beirut Reactions

The Cadogan cyclization is a robust but harsh method for the synthesis of 2H-indazoles, a valuable class of nitrogen heterocycles. Although nitrene generation by exhaustive deoxygenation is widely accepted as the operating mechanism in the reductive cyclization of nitroaromatics, non-nitrene pathways have only been theorized previously. Here, 2H-indazole N-oxides were synthesized through an interrupted Cadogan/Davis–Beirut reaction and are presented as direct evidence of competent oxygenated intermediates; mechanistic implications for both reactions are discussed. Isolation and characterization of these N-oxides enabled a formal Cadogan cyclization at room temperature for 2H-indazole synthesis.