Differentiation of PSC into lung organoids with endogenous functional alveolar macrophages and blood vessels

Human lung organoids (hLOs), like many other types of organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), are known to lack tissue-specific immune cells, particularly macrophages. Despite attempts to obtain alveolar macrophages (AMs) in hLOs, such as via co-culturing organoids with peripheral immune cells or hematopoietic progenitor cells, AMs have been difficult to obtain in vitro without utilizing the in vivo lung niche.