Corruption Dataset

The sampling frame used for data collection comprised students and employees from the University of Basra, Iraq, and Basra citizens who were digitally savvy. The sampling technique and procedure used to select the participants for the study was purposive sampling, which is also known as judgmental sampling (Saunders et al., 2016). The rationale for using purposive sampling stemmed from the characteristics of the population and the objective of the study (Saunders et al., 2016). We decided that, based on the objectives of the research, a sampling frame comprising the students and employees of University of Basra, Iraq, as well as interested digitally savvy citizens in Basra was the most suitable and appropriate. The measured items under consideration were translated into Arabic and inserted into Google Forms as an electronic survey. We invited 20 friends and relatives, using the purposive sampling procedure (Saunders et al., 2016) to fill in the form. The items themselves and the results were discussed with five academics from the College of Administration and Economics, University of Basra, for pre-testing purposes (Saunders et al., 2016). Accordingly, we made slight changes to the first version to ensure reliability and validity (Sekaran and Bougie, 2013). The questionnaire (see Table 3. 1) thus became much more understandable for all educational levels.