Stuttering self-stigma in children (Johnson et al., 2024)

<b>Purpose: </b>Self-stigma occurs when a person internalizes and applies stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination to themselves. For adults who stutter, self-stigma is linked to negative outcomes and reduced quality of life. The development of self-stigma in people who stutter is not well understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate stuttering self-stigma in school-age children and adolescents and explore potential relationships to stuttering’s overall adverse impact.<b>Method:</b> One hundred one children and adolescents who stutter, aged 10–18 years, completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES), a measure of adverse impact related to stuttering, and the Childhood Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (Child 4S), our novel adapted version of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S) created for this study. The Child 4S comprises three subscales measuring three stages of self-stigma: Awareness, Agreement, and Application. Each stage was evaluated for relationships with child age and the adverse impact of stuttering.<b>Results:</b> We found a range of self-stigma scores among children and adolescents who stutter. Child age did not correlate with Awareness and Agreement; however, older children and adolescents reported greater Application. All stages of self-stigma strongly predicted adverse impact as measured by the OASES, and latter stages of the model were stronger predictors than earlier stages.<b>Conclusions:</b> Children as young as 10 years old may experience stuttering self-stigma, and the application of self-stigma increases in adolescence, a critical period in the development of personal identity. Importantly, all stages of self-stigma predicted adverse impact related to stuttering, with latter stages being stronger predictors than earlier ones consistent with the progressive model of self-stigma being tested. The findings highlight the need for targeted, early intervention to mitigate downstream effects of stuttering self-stigma.<b>Supplemental Material S1.</b> Internal consistency of OASES (Cronbach’s alpha).Johnson, C. A., Gerwin, K. L., Tichenor, S. E., Tichenor, M. P., &amp; Walsh, B. (2024). Evaluating stuttering self-stigma and its relationship to adverse impact in children and adolescents with the Child Stuttering Self-Stigma Scale. <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i>, <i>67</i>(9), 2920–2934. https://doi.org/10.1044/2024_JSLHR-24-00069