Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and swim training affect copper metabolism in skeletal muscle in a mouse model of disease

<p style="line-height:1.5;margin-top:1.2rem;margin-bottom:1.2rem;color:rgb( 33 , 33 , 33 );font-family:&#39;blinkmacsystemfont&#39; , &#39;-apple-system&#39; , &#39;segoe ui&#39; , &#39;roboto&#39; , &#39;oxygen&#39; , &#39;ubuntu&#39; , &#39;cantarell&#39; , &#39;fira sans&#39; , &#39;droid sans&#39; , &#39;helvetica neue&#39; , sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:normal"><strong style="font-weight:bold">Introduction/aims: </strong>Swim training and regulation of copper metabolism result in clinical benefits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice. Therefore, the study aimed to determine whether swim training improves copper metabolism by modifying copper metabolism in the skeletal muscles of ALS mice.</p><p style="line-height:1.5;margin-top:1.2rem;margin-bottom:1.2rem;color:rgb( 33 , 33 , 33 );font-family:&#39;blinkmacsystemfont&#39; , &#39;-apple-system&#39; , &#39;segoe ui&#39; , &#39;roboto&#39; , &#39;oxygen&#39; , &#39;ubuntu&#39; , &#39;cantarell&#39; , &#39;fira sans&#39; , &#39;droid sans&#39; , &#39;helvetica neue&#39; , sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:normal"><strong style="font-weight:bold">Methods: </strong>SOD1G93A mice (n &#61; 6 per group) were used as the ALS model, and wild-type B6SJL (WT) mice as controls (n &#61; 6). Mice with ALS were analyzed before the onset of ALS (ALS BEFORE), at baseline ALS (first disease symptoms, trained and untrained, ALS ONSET), and at the end of ALS (last stage disease, trained and untrained, ALS TERMINAL). Copper concentrations and the level of copper metabolism proteins in the skeletal muscles of the lower leg were determined.</p><p style="line-height:1.5;margin-top:1.2rem;margin-bottom:1.2rem;color:rgb( 33 , 33 , 33 );font-family:&#39;blinkmacsystemfont&#39; , &#39;-apple-system&#39; , &#39;segoe ui&#39; , &#39;roboto&#39; , &#39;oxygen&#39; , &#39;ubuntu&#39; , &#39;cantarell&#39; , &#39;fira sans&#39; , &#39;droid sans&#39; , &#39;helvetica neue&#39; , sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:normal"><strong style="font-weight:bold">Results: </strong>ALS disease caused a reduction in the copper concentration in ALS TERMINAL untrained mice compared with the ALS BEFORE (10.43 ± 1.81 and 38.67 ± 11.50 μg/mg, respectively, p &#61; .0213). The copper chaperon for SOD1 protein, which supplies copper to SOD1, and ATPase7a protein (copper exporter), increased at the terminal stage of disease by 57% (p &#61; .0021) and 34% (p &#61; .0372), while the CTR1 protein (copper importer) decreased by 45% (p &#61; .002). Swim training moderately affected the copper concentration and the concentrations of proteins responsible for copper metabolism in skeletal muscles.</p><p style="line-height:1.5;margin-top:1.2rem;margin-bottom:1.2rem;color:rgb( 33 , 33 , 33 );font-family:&#39;blinkmacsystemfont&#39; , &#39;-apple-system&#39; , &#39;segoe ui&#39; , &#39;roboto&#39; , &#39;oxygen&#39; , &#39;ubuntu&#39; , &#39;cantarell&#39; , &#39;fira sans&#39; , &#39;droid sans&#39; , &#39;helvetica neue&#39; , sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:normal"><strong style="font-weight:bold">Discussion: </strong>The results show disturbances in skeletal muscle copper metabolism associated with ALS progression, which is moderately affected by swim training. From a clinical point of view, exercise in water for ALS patients should be an essential element of rehabilitation for maintaining quality of life.</p>