Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005-2006 - Thailand

Abstract
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The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments, such as the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS and the Abuja targets for malaria.

Survey Objectives
The 2006 Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives:
- To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Thailand;
- To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the goals of A World Fit for Children (WFFC) and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action at national and provincial level; and
- To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems on the situation of children and women in Thailand and strengthening technical expertise for the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content
MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire.

Survey Implementation
The survey was implemented by the National Statistical Office of Thailand, with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

Geographic coverage
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The survey was designed to produce estimates for indicators at the national level, by urban and rural disaggregation, for each of the 4 regions of Thailand (North, Northeast, Central, and South) and by individual province for 26 (out of 76 total) targeted provinces (note: additional data collections were performed for the targeted provinces during March-May 2006; separate results publications for each province are pending).

Analysis unit
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- Households
- Women aged 15-49
- Children under 5 years of age

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried out by a sample survey method that used a stratified two stage sampling plan. The primary sample units (PSUs) consisted of blocks (in municipal areas) or villages (in non-municipal areas). The secondary sample units consisted of collective households systematically drawn from a household listing. The plan is designed to provide estimates of situation indicators for children and women at the national level, for municipal and non-municipal areas, and for four regions: Central (including Bangkok), North, Northeast and South. The household listing is obtained from The Basic Household Information Survey conducted every two years by the National Statistical Office (NSO). In the survey, members of each household located in the block/village samples are counted.

Data on basic household information from the survey are to be used as the sample frame in various survey projects of the NSO. Data from the 2006 Basic Household Information Survey were used as the frame for household samples in the Thailand MICS. Thirty collective household samples per block/village sample were selected in both municipal and non-municipal areas. Field staff then created a Listing of Household Samples by adding together all the names of household heads and the addresses. After a household listing was carried out within the selected 30 households in each block/village, a systematic sample of households was drawn. For national-level results, sample data were weighted in accordance with sampling plan.

A block is an operational boundary in a municipal area that is made up of approximately 100 to 200 households. Blocks are established on a map so that field staff know the exact area they are to cover in the survey.

A village is an administrative unit, a community, in a non-municipal area governed by a village head (Phuyaiban) or a district head (Kamnan).

The MICS national-level report included 1,449 block/village samples. Thirty collective household samples per block/village samples were selected and a total of 43,470 household samples were obtained.

For MICS provincial-level reports, 1,032 block/village samples were selected and 30,960 household samples were included.

More detailed information on the sample design is available in Appendix A of the Survey Final Report.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the Thailand MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS3 Model Questionnaire with some modifications and additions. A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age, relationship, and orphanhood status.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or caretaker of the child.

The questionnaires were translated into Thai by the NSO MICS coordinators in September 2005.

In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams tested salt used for cooking in the households surveyed for presence of iodine, and measured the weight and height of children under 5 years of age.

Cleaning operations
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After the fieldwork, the team supervisor checked the data collected during the interview for completeness. Then the Provincial Statistical Officer in each province and the Director of the Data Management Division of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration randomly rechecked the data before sending all the questionnaires to the National Statistical Office (NSO) for processing.

Upon receiving the questionnaires from the 76 provinces, the collected data were entered on 30 microcomputers by data entry operators and data entry supervisors at the Thai NSO, using CSPro software. In order to ensure quality control, editing and structural checks, all questionnaires were double entered for verification and internal consistency checks were performed, followed by secondary editing. The data entry and verification used CSPro programme applications that were developed under the global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) project by UNICEF to be used as standard processing procedures worldwide. In Thailand, the standard CSPro programme was modified appropriately to the Thai version questionnaires. The modification was done by NSO staff that had been trained on data processing by MICS experts from UNICEF.

Data entry and data verification for the national level report began in February 2006 and was completed in April 2006. For the provincial reports, the process was completed in June 2006. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software programme, Version 14, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF for this purpose.

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:
a) Office editing and coding
b) During data entry
c) Structure checking and completeness
d) Secondary editing
e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Response rate
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Of the 43,440 households selected for the sample, 42,302 were found to be occupied. Of these, 40,511 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95.8 percent. In the interviewed households, 37,187 eligible women (aged 15-49) were identified. Of these eligible women, 36,960 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99.4 percent. In addition, 9,444 children under the age of 5 were listed as being eligible in the households. The mothers and/or caretakers of 9,409 of these children (99.6 per cent) were successfully interviewed.

Differentials in response rates by areas showed 94.9 percent of the households in municipal areas and 96.9 percent in non-municipal areas. Participant differentials in response rates were observed, with the highest in the North Region (98.8 percent), followed by the Northeast Region (98.1 percent), and the South and the Central regions' same low response rate of 93 percent.

Sampling error estimates
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The sample of respondents selected in the Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey results.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix to the Survey Final Report (attached in the External Resources) for each of the selected indicators:

- Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
- Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator
- Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
- Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistics will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (p + 2.se or p - 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 14 Complex Samples module has been used. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and un-weighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national total, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Three of the selected indicators are based on households, 8 are based on household members, 13 are based on women, and 15 are based on children under 5. All indicators presented in the Final Report are in the form of proportions.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

Age distribution of the household population
Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women
Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed
Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups
Age and period ratios at boundaries of eligibility
Percent of observations with missing information on selected variables
Presence of mother inthe household and person interviewed for the under 5 questionnaire
School attendance by single year age
Sex ratio at birth among children ever born, surviving and dead by age of respondent
Distribution of women by time since last birth
Scatterplot of weight by height, weight by age and height by age
Graph of male and female population by single years of age
Population pyramid

The Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) covered a large number of samples from all 76 provinces in the country. It was expected that data deviation could possibly occur from the work of the field staff, or the interviewees. Therefore, the National Statistical Office (NSO) operated a post enumeration survey (PES) in Bangkok and 22 provinces selected from all four regions to aid data users in their consideration of data quality. The PES consisted of 150 block/village samples, in both municipal and non-municipal areas. Collective household samples – 20 households per block/village for a total of 3,000 household samples – were selected from the listing of household samples of the MICS survey. Staff were sent in to repeat the survey in these areas. Matching of questionnaires from the actual survey and the repeated survey was carried out and data were analysed for deviation.

摘要
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联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）开发的多元指标集群调查（MICS）是一项旨在协助各国填补数据空白、监测人类发展状况，特别是儿童和妇女状况的住户调查项目。MICS能够生成具有统计学可靠性、国际上可比的社会指标估计值。当前阶段的MICS旨在为千年发展目标（MDGs）、世界适宜儿童（WFFC）以及其他重大国际承诺（如联合国大会特别会议（UNGASS）关于艾滋病和 Abuja 治疗疟疾的目标）提供监测工具。
调查目标
2006年泰国多元指标集群调查的主要目标如下：
- 提供最新信息，以评估泰国儿童和妇女的状况；
- 提供所需数据，以监测实现千年发展目标（MDG）、世界适宜儿童（WFFC）和其他国际共识目标（如联合国大会特别会议（UNGASS）关于艾滋病和 Abuja 治疗疟疾的目标）的进展，作为国家和省级未来行动的基础；
- 为改善泰国儿童和妇女状况的数据和监测系统贡献力量，并加强设计、实施和分析此类系统的技术专长。
调查内容
MICS问卷采用模块化设计，便于根据各国需求进行定制。它们包括住户问卷、15-49岁妇女问卷以及5岁以下儿童问卷（由母亲或监护人填写）。除了核心模块外，各国可以选择在每个问卷中包含哪些模块。
调查实施
该调查由泰国国家统计局（NSO）实施，得到了联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）和其他合作伙伴的支持和协助。通过一系列区域性研讨会提供调查的技术协助和培训，涵盖问卷内容、抽样和调查实施；数据处理；数据质量和数据分析；报告撰写和传播。
地理覆盖范围
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调查旨在为国家层面、城乡细分、泰国4个地区（北部、东北部、中部和南部）以及26个目标省份（总共76个）中的每个省份提供指标估计值（注：2006年3月至5月对目标省份进行了额外的数据收集；每个省份将单独发布结果）。
分析单元
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- 住户
- 15-49岁的妇女
- 5岁以下的儿童
总体
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调查覆盖了所有法定住户成员（常住居民）、所有居住在住户中的15-49岁妇女以及所有居住在住户中的0-4岁儿童（5岁以下）。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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泰国多元指标集群调查（MICS）采用分层两阶段抽样计划进行样本调查。一级样本单位（PSU）由街区（在市区）或村庄（在非市区）组成。二级样本单位由从住户列表中系统抽取的集体住户组成。该计划旨在为国家层面、市区和非市区以及四个地区（中部包括曼谷、北部、东北部和南部）提供儿童和妇女状况指标的估计值。
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