Enterprise Survey 2010 - Argentina

Abstract
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This research was conducted in Argentina between May 2010 and March 2011 as part of the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) Enterprise Survey 2010, an initiative of the World Bank. Data from 1054 establishments was analyzed.

The objective of the study is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through face-to-face interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The study was conducted using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in the sample: firm sector, firm size, and geographic region.

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into 5 manufacturing industries, 1 service industry -retail -, and 1 residual sector. Each of specified manufacturing stratum had a target of 175 interviews, with residual manufacturing having a target of 120 interviews. Retail and other services had targets each of 120 interviews.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification was defined in five locations (city and the surrounding business area): Buenos Aires, Chaco, Cordoba, Mendoza, and Rosario.

For Argentina, three sample frames were used. The first was supplied by the World Bank and consists of enterprises interviewed in Argentina 2006. The World Bank required that attempts should be made to re-interview establishments responding to the Argentina 2006 survey where they were within the selected geographical locations and met eligibility criteria. That sample is referred to as the Panel. The second sample frame was obtained from a private source of Dun and Bradstreet (D&B), which was supplemented with a third source comprised of firm information held by TNS.

The quality of the frame was assessed at the onset of the project through visits to a random subset of firms and local contractor knowledge. The sample frame was not immune from the typical problems found in establishment surveys: positive rates of non-eligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. In addition, the sample frame contains no telephone/fax numbers so the local contractor had to screen the contacts by visiting them. Due to response rate and ineligibility issues, additional sample had to be extracted by the World Bank in order to obtain enough eligible contacts and meet the sample targets.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 9.17% (319 out of 3480 establishments).

Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Argentina Implementation" in "Technical documents" folder.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module
- Core Questionnaire
- Screener Questionnaire

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. The questionnaire also assesses the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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The number of realized interviews per contacted establishment was 0.30. The estimate is based on the total number of firms contacted including ineligible establishments. This number is the result of two factors: explicit refusals to participate in the survey, as reflected by the rate of rejection (which includes rejections of the screener and the main survey) and the quality of the sample frame, as represented by the presence of ineligible units. The number of rejections per contact was 0.40.

Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Argentina Implementation" in "Technical documents" folder.

摘要
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本研究于2010年5月至2011年3月在阿根廷进行，作为世界银行发起的拉丁美洲及加勒比海地区（LAC）企业调查2010年的一部分。分析了1054个机构的数据。

研究的目标是从客户国的企业中获得对私营部门现状的反馈，并帮助构建一个企业数据面板，以便跟踪随时间推移的商业环境的变化，从而使得对改革的影响评估成为可能。通过面对面访谈制造业和服务业的企业，调查评估了私营部门增长的限制，并创建了跨国家具有可比性的统计显著的商业环境指标。

标准企业调查主题包括公司特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可证、税收、非正规化、商业与政府关系、创新与技术和绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了一个国家商业环境的特征。剩余的问题评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和表现的障碍的看法。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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本研究的主要抽样单元是机构。机构是指从事商业活动并进行工业操作或提供服务的物理地点。一个公司可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销机构。为了本调查的目的，一个机构必须做出自己的财务决策，并拥有与公司财务报表分开的财务报表。机构还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。

总体
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企业调查所涵盖的总体，即整个范围，是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1分组分类的所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑业部门（组F）、服务业部门（组G和H）以及运输、仓储和通信部门（组I）。请注意，此人口定义排除了以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT，该子部门已被纳入研究总体之外），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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本研究采用分层随机抽样方法进行。在样本中使用了三个分层级别：公司部门、公司规模和地理区域。

行业分层的设计如下：总体被分层为5个制造业行业、1个服务业行业（零售）和1个剩余行业。每个指定的制造业层的目标是175个访谈，剩余制造业的目标是120个访谈。零售和其他服务业各有120个访谈的目标。

规模分层是根据企业调查的标准化定义定义的：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工的数量是根据报告的永久全职工人数量定义的。这似乎是对劳动力的一种适当定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业在建筑和农业部门之外不是一种常见的做法。

区域分层是在五个地点（城市及其周边商业区）定义的：布宜诺斯艾利斯、查科、科尔多瓦、门多萨和罗萨里奥。

对于阿根廷，使用了三个样本框。第一个是由世界银行提供的，包括2006年在阿根廷接受访谈的企业。世界银行要求尝试重新访谈在选定地理区域内且符合资格条件的、对阿根廷2006调查做出回应的机构。该样本被称为面板。第二个样本框是从Dun and Bradstreet（D&B）的私人来源获得的，并由TNS持有的公司信息组成的第三个来源补充。

在项目开始时通过访问随机子集的公司和当地承包商的知识评估了样本框的质量。样本框不可避免地存在机构调查中发现的典型问题：非合格单位的正面率、重复、不存在单位等。此外，样本框不包含电话/传真号码，因此当地承包商必须通过访问他们来筛选联系。

由于响应率和资格问题，世界银行不得不提取额外的样本，以便获得足够的合格联系并满足样本目标。

由于样本总体中包含的非合格单位可能对结果产生影响，因此在计算个别观察的适当权重时可能需要进行调整。作为样本机构总数中已确认的非合格单位比例的百分比，为9.17%（319个机构中的319个）。

有关抽样方法、样本框、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息，请参阅“技术文件”文件夹中的“阿根廷实施描述”。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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当前调查工具包括以下内容：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块
- 核心问卷
- 筛选问卷

“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有两个其他调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行，以避免向特定类型的企业提出不相关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提出。除了在各国提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含特定于国家的问题。定制的例子包括在旅游是现有或潜在经济增长部门的国家询问与旅游相关的问题。

标准企业调查主题包括公司特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可证、税收、非正规化、商业与政府关系、创新与技术和绩效指标。问卷还评估了调查受访者对企业增长和表现障碍的看法。

数据清理操作
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数据输入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量形式（通常是10%、50%和100%）交付给世界银行。这些数据交付被检查以验证逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题被世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重访机构进行纠正。

响应率
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每个联系到的机构实现的访谈数量为0.30。该估计基于包括不合格机构的总联系企业数。这个数字是两个因素的结果：明确拒绝参与调查，如反映在拒绝率（包括筛选和主要调查的拒绝）中，以及样本框的质量，如通过不合格单位的出现表示。

每个联系中拒绝的数量为0.40。

有关抽样方法、样本框、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息，请参阅“技术文件”文件夹中的“阿根廷实施描述”。