高产脂马尾松良种选育
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马尾松是脂材两用的重要乡土造林树种，其分布面积占南方15省（区）森林面积45％以上，松脂产量占全国95％。针对现有松树优良资源不断减少，马尾松单株和单位面积松脂产量低等问题，以定向培育优质高产脂马尾松良种为目标，开展了选择育种、杂交育种、种子园建设、苗木繁育、早期鉴定、材性分析等研究。历经30年的持续研究，创新了高产脂马尾松高世代育种技术，突破了良种繁育、种子园建设、产脂力早期鉴定等关键技术，构建了高产脂马尾松遗传改良、良种繁育及定向培育一体化的技术支撑体系。 1、构建了高产脂马尾松多世代育种体系，选育出大批速生、优质、高产脂马尾松新品系和新种质。从广东、广西、安徽、江西、福建和浙江等马尾松主产区收集保存优良基因材料338份，营建基因库7 hm2，育种园4 hm2 通过优树半同胞家系子代测定，揭示了产脂力遗传变异规律及其与生长量性状的遗传相关性，筛选到高产脂稳健型家系10个，产脂力遗传增益为20.59％，并通过广东省林业局林木良种审定 建立了高产脂马尾松亚系化育种群体，通过选择育种与杂交育种，获得杂交组合216个，首次筛选得到高产脂型杂种15 个，其产脂力比母本半同胞家系提高56.00% - 155.70%。 2、解决了马尾松种子园营建与经营管理的关键技术问题，率先建成高产脂马尾松一代改良种子园34 hm2。制定了一代种子园改良育种流程，确立了改建与重建并举的策略。疏伐改良种子园和重建种子园的种子产量分别提高40.0％和30.3％，平均产脂增益分别为24.97％和27.13％。 3、突破了苗木无性快繁技术难点，使扦插成活率从20－30％提高到85％以上，实现了高产脂马尾松良种产业化生产，苗木质量达国家一级标准，出圃率达98％，优质种苗年产量1000 万株以上。 4、通过马尾松松脂化学组分分析，首次证实产脂力、含油率、软化点和松香、松节油等18个因子存在着地理变异：产脂力、长叶松酸＋左旋海松酸、新枞酸和去氢枞酸的含量由北向南递增，含油率、莰烯、石竹烯、山达海松酸的含量则由北向南递减
Pinus massoniana is an important native afforestation tree species with dual purposes for resin and timber. Its distribution area accounts for more than 45% of the forest area in 15 southern provinces (autonomous regions), and its pine resin yield accounts for 95% of the national total. Aiming at the problems of continuous decline of existing excellent pine resources, low resin yield per individual tree and per unit area of Pinus massoniana, research including selective breeding, cross breeding, seed orchard construction, seedling propagation, early identification and wood property analysis was carried out with the goal of targeted cultivation of high-quality and high-resin-yield improved varieties of Pinus massoniana. After 30 years of continuous research, the advanced-generation breeding technology for high-resin-yield Pinus massoniana was innovated, key technologies such as improved variety breeding, seed orchard construction and early identification of resin yield capacity were broken through, and an integrated technical support system for genetic improvement, improved variety breeding and targeted cultivation of high-resin-yield Pinus massoniana was constructed. 1. A multi-generation breeding system for high-resin-yield Pinus massoniana was constructed, and a large number of new strains and new germplasms of Pinus massoniana with fast growth, high quality and high resin yield were selected and bred. 338 copies of elite genetic resources were collected and preserved from main producing areas of Pinus massoniana including Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang, with 7 hm² of gene bank and 4 hm² of breeding garden constructed. Through progeny test of open-pollinated families of plus trees, the genetic variation pattern of resin yield capacity and its genetic correlation with growth traits were revealed, 10 high-resin-yield stable families were screened out, with a genetic gain of 20.59% in resin yield capacity, and the certification of forest tree improved varieties was obtained from the Forestry Bureau of Guangdong Province. A subline breeding population for high-resin-yield Pinus massoniana was established, 216 cross combinations were obtained through selective breeding and cross breeding, and 15 high-resin-yield hybrids were screened out for the first time, whose resin yield capacity was 56.00% - 155.70% higher than that of the maternal open-pollinated families. 2. Key technical problems in the establishment and management of Pinus massoniana seed orchards were solved, and the first 34 hm² high-resin-yield first-generation improved seed orchard of Pinus massoniana was built. The improved breeding process for first-generation seed orchards was formulated, and the strategy of combining reconstruction and rebuilding was established. The seed yield of thinned improved seed orchards and rebuilt seed orchards increased by 40.0% and 30.3% respectively, with an average resin yield gain of 24.97% and 27.13% respectively. 3. The technical difficulty of asexual rapid propagation of seedlings was broken through, the cutting survival rate was increased from 20-30% to over 85%, the industrialized production of improved varieties of high-resin-yield Pinus massoniana was realized, the seedling quality reached the national first-class standard, the outplanting rate reached 98%, and the annual output of high-quality seedlings exceeded 10 million. 4. Through the analysis of pine resin chemical components, it was confirmed for the first time that 18 factors including resin yield capacity, oil content, softening point, rosin and turpentine had geographic variation: the contents of resin yield capacity, palustric acid + levopimaric acid, neoabietic acid and dehydroabietic acid increased from north to south, while the contents of oil content, camphene, caryophyllene and sandaracopimaric acid decreased from north to south.
