Results of two-factor anova on the effects of trophic skew and food chain length.

The degree of trophic skewing encompassed the presence of upper trophic levels (i.e., food chain length: algae only,+grazers,+grazers+predators) and the distribution of species richness (top-rich, neutral, slightly bottom-rich, bottom-rich skewed) on final A) macroalgal biomass, B) microalgal accumulation, and C) grazer abundance. Only data from replicates in which grazers were initially stocked (all treatments except ‘algae only’) were used in the analysis of food chain length and richness distribution treatment effects on grazer abundance (C).