Climatology of Mars Topside Ionosphere during Solar Cycles 24 and 25 using MAVEN Dataset of 2015-2024

This study presents, for the first instance, a climatological analysis of the Martian topside ionosphere using long-term MAVEN spacecraft datasets across different phases of Solar Cycles 24 and 25, covering Martian Years 32 to 37 (2015–2024). It investigated the behavior of key ionospheric species (e-, CO2+, O2+, NO+, OH+, O+, N+ & C+) in the northern hemisphere in relation to variations in solar irradiance and solar wind conditions. The research provides an overall picture of the Solar Cycle-dependent topside ionospheric variation and will serve as a valuable quiet-time reference data for scientific community in investigating the space weather induced disturbances.