Data and codes utilized for estimations

This file includes the code and data necessary to reproduce the primary findings of the paper. It encompasses the data utilized for the DDD-gravity estimations, as well as for conducting placebo tests and validity tests on the control group, as outlined in the paper. The datasets comprise SITC 5-digit product-level data for 142 importing countries and 197 exporting countries, covering the years from 2000 to 2019.