Evaluating Impacts of Formalization of Water Right for Agriculture Use 2011 - Peru

Abstract
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To address critical issues in water management and increase agriculture production in Peru's Sierras region, the Government of Peru in partnership with the World Bank is currently implementing the irrigation modernization project. The project has the objective of strengthening the technical, financial, and management capacity of farmers and water users' organizations. One of the components of the program - Formalization of Water Rights and Extension to the National Water Registry (PROFODUA) - deals with formalization of water rights for irrigation. PROFODUA's main objective is to improve the livelihood of poor farmers by promoting equitability and reducing uncertainty about water supply for irrigation.

It is expected that PROFODUA's intervention in the Peruvian Sierra will have a high potential for replication in Peru and neighboring countries. To assess the impact of formalization of water rights on a set of development outcomes, a randomized experiment was designed by the World Bank and its Peruvian counterparts. Households in Andahuaylas, Huamachuco, and Tarma regions were randomly assigned to either the treatment or the control group. The research will measure the responses by the groups that were treated, i.e. given water rights and permits, and compare with those that did not receive PROFODUA. Difference-in-difference (DiD) approach will be used to analyze the results of the experiment.

The baseline data collection was conducted from March to July 2011. Data from 1,607 households was analyzed. The follow-up survey is planned for November 2014.

Geographic coverage
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The Peruvian Highlands (the Sierras)

Analysis unit
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- Households,
- Individuals.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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A group of three representative valleys - Andahuaylas, Huamachuco, and Tarma - were selected for the evaluation. These locations were chosen due to their propensity to suffer from droughts, thus making the access to water more important. Researchers focused on valleys with a critical mass of irrigation blocks and that have not received PROFODUA yet. An irrigation block has an average of 400 water users, but this number varies from one block to another. Assuming that there are 80 blocks in a given valley, physical and human capacity constraints limit the implementation of the program to at most 20 blocks per year. Inevitably, it will take four years to serve all the properties in the valley. The identification strategy consists of using a lottery to randomly distribute the blocks into four different groups. Each group will receive the intervention in a different year where the individuals intervened in the fourth year will serve as a control group for those reached in the first year.

To obtain preliminary results on the potential effects of the program, an "external" group was selected to be part of the baseline survey. This external group was comprised by a valley, Huaraz, that was partially intervened. A sample of those blocks that already benefited from the program will be matched to those blocks that were not exposed to the intervention. These intermediate results will serve as a first approximate reference of the "potential" impact of the intervention.

The survey was divided into two stages: initially, the interviews were conducted for the Treatment Group regions in Andahuaylas, Huamachuco, and Tarma, and the program designers sought to interview 1,607 households. As for the Control Group of Huaraz, 401 households were interviewed. The survey includes information for 2,008 households (7,325 individuals).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

摘要
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为解决秘鲁Sierras地区的临界性水资源管理问题并提高农业生产，秘鲁政府与世界银行合作，目前正在实施灌溉现代化项目。该项目旨在加强农民及用水者组织在技术、财务和管理方面的能力。项目的一个组成部分——正式化水资源权和纳入国家水资源登记册（PROFODUA）——主要处理灌溉用水的正式化问题。PROFODUA的主要目标是通过对公平性的促进及对灌溉用水供应不确定性的降低，改善贫困农民的生活状况。
预期PROFODUA在秘鲁Sierras地区的干预措施将在秘鲁及其邻近国家具有高度的可复制性。为评估水资源正式化对一系列发展结果的影响，世界银行及其秘鲁合作伙伴设计了一项随机实验。安第斯地区的安第阿瓦亚拉斯、华马库科和塔尔马地区的家庭被随机分配到处理组或对照组。研究将衡量接受处理（即获得水资源权和许可证）的群体的反应，并与未接受PROFODUA的群体进行比较。将采用差异-差异（DiD）方法来分析实验结果。
基线数据收集于2011年3月至7月进行。分析了1,607个家庭的数据。后续调查计划于2014年11月进行。
地理覆盖范围
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秘鲁高原（Sierras）
分析单元
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- 家庭,
- 个人。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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为评估而选定的三个具有代表性的山谷——安第阿瓦亚拉斯、华马库科和塔尔马——被选中。这些地点因其易于遭受干旱而选择，这使得获取水资源更为重要。研究人员专注于那些拥有关键规模灌溉区且尚未接受PROFODUA的山谷。一个灌溉区平均有400名用水者，但这个数字因区域而异。假设一个山谷中有80个灌溉区，物理和人力资源限制使得项目每年最多只能实施20个灌溉区。不可避免的是，需要四年时间才能为山谷中的所有地块提供服务。识别策略包括通过抽签将灌溉区随机分配到四个不同的组别。每个组将在不同的年份接受干预，第四年接受干预的个人将作为第一年接受干预的个人对照组。
为获得关于项目潜在影响效果的初步结果，选择了一个“外部”组参与基线调查。这个外部组由部分接受干预的山谷胡拉斯组成。将接受项目利益的样本地块与未接受干预的地块进行匹配。这些中间结果将作为干预“潜在”影响的第一近似参考。
调查分为两个阶段：首先，对安第阿瓦亚拉斯、华马库科和塔尔马的处理组地区进行了访谈，项目设计者旨在访谈1,607个家庭。至于胡拉斯的控制组，访谈了401个家庭。调查涵盖了2,008个家庭（7,325个人）的信息。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]