SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL RESEARCH ON LITHIUM-ION BATTERY RECYCLING: TECHNOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The rapid growth of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems has significantly increased the global demand for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Consequently, end-of-life (EoL) battery management has become a critical environmental and economic challenge. This study provides a systematic scientific and practical analysis of Li-ion battery recycling technologies, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling approaches. Industrial practices implemented by leading companies such as Umicore, Li-Cycle, Redwood Materials, and Tesla, Inc. are evaluated. The paper assesses technological efficiency, metal recovery rates, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Furthermore, policy frameworks supported by the U.S. Department of Energy are examined. The findings demonstrate that hydrometallurgical and direct recycling technologies offer higher recovery efficiencies (up to 95%) and lower carbon emissions compared to conventional pyrometallurgical methods. The study also discusses implementation prospects in emerging economies and proposes a phased development model for sustainable battery recycling infrastructure.