Descriptive statistics of the main variables by cohort.

aTotal N might vary across variables due to missing valuesbPercentages are computed based on the total number of non-missing valuescIn GOCS child order is used as a proxy for paritydGXXI: Low = ≤9 years, Medium = 9–12 years, High = Degree or more; NINFEA: Low = None/Primary/Secondary school, Medium = High school, High = Degree or more; GOCS: Low = None/Primary/Secondary school, Medium = High school, High = High School + technical education or moreeIn GOCS smoking during pregnancy is categorized as No/Rarely vs FrequentlyfMothers suffering from these diseases before pregnancy (information available only in GXXI and NINFEA) classified as “No”