Embryonic development of the solar-powered nudibranch <i>Phyllodesmium lizardensis</i> (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)

In this pilot study we investigated the early embryonic development of the recently described solar-powered nudibranch species <i>Phyllodesmium lizardensis.</i> In previous studies <i>P. lizardensis</i> has been used as a model system to study the symbiosis between nudibranchs and their symbiotic dinoflagellates <i>Symbiodinium</i>, but the transmission mode of symbionts in the life cycle of this species remained unknown. Embryonic development in <i>P. lizardensis</i> was similar to related nudibranch taxa. Specimens laid clear gelatinous egg masses filled with relatively small egg capsules (81.25 ± 3.78 µm, <i>n</i> = 11). Zygotes developed into planktotrophic veliger larvae that hatched after about 85 hours. No <i>Symbiodinium</i> cells could be detected by means of light microscopy at any developmental stage in zygotes or unhatched veliger larvae. Vertical transmission of symbionts is therefore unlikely; the timing of <i>Symbiodinium</i> acquisition by this species remains unknown.本预实验探究了新近描述的太阳能海蛞蝓物种——蜥蜴岛叶海牛（*Phyllodesmium lizardensis*）的早期胚胎发育过程。既往研究中，该物种曾被用作研究海蛞蝓与其共生甲藻（*Symbiodinium*）共生关系的模式体系，但该物种生命周期内共生体的传递方式仍未明确。 蜥蜴岛叶海牛的胚胎发育过程与近缘海蛞蝓类群相似。该物种产出的卵群呈透明胶质状，内部充满相对细小的卵囊（81.25 ± 3.78 µm，*n* = 11）。合子发育为营浮游食性的面盘幼虫，约85小时后孵化。 通过光学显微镜镜检，未在合子及未孵化面盘幼虫的任一发育阶段中检测到共生甲藻细胞。因此共生体的垂直传播可能性较低，该物种获取共生甲藻的具体时机仍未明确。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是一个关于太阳能海蛞蝓Phyllodesmium lizardensis胚胎发育的试点研究，重点观察了其早期发育过程，包括卵块特征、幼虫孵化时间（约85小时），并发现共生甲藻Symbiodinium未通过垂直传播。研究揭示了该物种胚胎发育与其他海蛞蝓类群的相似性，但共生体获取机制仍不明确。