Estimates, standard errors, and t-tests from a general linear model examining influences of elk abundance, October–December precipitation (natural log transformed), and expansion on forage biomass (kg) in the Davison meadow complex.

Expansion was a categorical variable for years before (2005–2015, coded 0) and after (2016–2019, coded 1) the Davison herd expanded its home range. Forage biomass was the sum of biomass in the seven sectors (South Davison, A, B, C, Picnic, WPC, and Horsebarn) continuously grazed by Davison and Levee herds between 2005 and 2019. The model adjusted r2 was 0.67 and the residual standard error was 1567. One-tailed probability values are reported for abundance and precipitation as we expected abundance to be inversely, and precipitation to be positively related to forage biomass.