Occurrence of estrogens and their removal by biological processes of sewage treatment

Abstract Estrogens are micropollutants that may harm aquatic organisms endocrine system. They enter water bodies mainly through domestic sewage. This paper aims to review the estrone, estradiol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol occurrence in untreated and treated sewage and surface water, as well as their removal efficiency through employment of different sewage biological treatment methods. The few studies carried out in Brazil show a significant concentration of these compounds in the reviewed sources, with a downward trend from raw to treated sewage. Aerobic systems, such as activated sludge, showed better results at removing the estrogens, mainly through adsorption by sludge. However, little is known about the degradation mechanisms of such compounds and the behavior of their conjugates. Therefore, biological processes of sewage treatment represent a barrier to the introduction of estrogens to the water bodies.